Energy Storage System (ESS) and Battery

A. Definition
B. Energy Storage System (ESS)
C. Battery

A. Definition

Energy Storage System (ESS) is a device or group of devices assembled that is to convert the electrical energy from power systems and store energy in order to supply electrical energy at a later time when needed. An ESS helps to effectively use and manage the electrical energy also expect the benefit of stable electricity supply and cost reduction (e.g., charging a battery with low-priced night time electricity). Combined an ESS and a private power station such as the Solar Energy or Wind Energy generation system can supply the electricity for 24/7 operable private power network.

Battery is an electric device connected electrically two or more cells for storage or producing electric energy that provides electricity power to electronic devices or machines.

B. Energy Storage System (ESS)

Energy Storage is electrical energy stored during times when production exceeds consumption and the stores are utilized at times when consumption exceeds production. Types of energy storage including: pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage, batteries, fly wheels, and capacitors. (Refer to the Grid Energy Storage)

Backup Energy System is a reserve appliance that can provide adequate power to operate critically important equipment until commercial power is restored for a home, commercial building, and industry. (Refer to the EPS (Emergency Power System); UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply); ESS (Energy Storage System))

Grid Energy Storage is a collection of methods used to store electrical energy on a large scale within an electrical power grid. An Electrical energy is stored during times when production exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) System is an energy storage technology that stores electricity from the grid within the magnetic field of superconducting coil which has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature with near-zero loss of energy. It has been proposed as a storage option to support large-scale use of photovoltaics as a means to smooth out fluctuations in power generation.

C. Battery

Primary Battery is not rechargeable battery that cannot be restored initial capacity by charging.

Secondary Battery (or Rechargeable Battery, Storage Battery) is a type of electrical energy storage devices that can be charged again after being discharged by applying a reverse current, as the electrochemical reaction is reversible. The Secondary Batteries are used in many applications such as cars, all manner of consumer electronics and even off-grid and supplemental facility power storages, and examples are a lead-acid accumulator, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion) etc.

Flow Cell Battery (or Redox Flow Battery) is a rechargeable battery comprised two electrolytes, separated by ion or proton exchange membrane in which electrolyte flows through one or more electrochemical cells from one or more tanks (Charging and discharging of batteries occur by ion transferring from one component to another component through the membrane). The energy capacity is a function of the electrolyte volume, and the power is a function of the surface area of the electrodes, the biggest advantages of Flow Batteries are the capability of pack in large volumes, which allows for cheap large-scale (GWh) energy storage using large basins.

Lithium-Ion Battery (Li-I Battery) is a type of rechargeable and an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry. A Li-I Battery has the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilised in electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector, and the electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery. A Type of Lithium Batteries are: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP); Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO); Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO); Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC); Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA); Lithium titanate (LTO)

Lithium Ferrophosphate Battery (or LFP Battery) is a type of lithium-ion battery (Li-I Battery) that uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material to store lithium ions, and typically use graphite as the anode material. A LFP battery allows a high current rating, low cost, high safety, low toxicity, good thermal stability, and a long lifecycle (charge/discharge cycles) that is used in medium-power traction applications (robotics, E-mobility, etc.) or heavy-duty traction applications (marine traction, industrial vehicles, etc.)

Lithium Sulphur Battery (Li-S Battery) is a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium in the negative electrode and a metal sulphide in the positive electrode, and the electrolyte is molten salt. A Li-S Battery is relatively light with the low atomic weight of lithium and moderate weight of sulphur.

Solid-State Battery uses the solid electrodes and solid electrolyte instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion (Li-I) or lithium polymer batteries, and the solid electrolyte works as a role of a separator. The Solid-State Battery can be improved the stability with a solid structure, increased safety and energy density per unit area that is an emerging option for next-generation traction batteries promising low cost, high performance, and high safety. The Solid-State Battery cell is formed of (example): Cathode can be made with the same compounds as a lithium-ion battery (e.g., LFP, NMC, LMO, etc); Separator, generally ceramic or solid polymer, which also works as the electrolyte; Anode can be made of lithium metal (pure lithium).

Lead Acid Battery is the cheapest rechargeable batteries that is very common in cars and trucks. The Lead Acid Battery includes plates made of pure lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium immersed in a sulfuric acid solution electrolyte.

Nickel Cadmium Battery (NiCd Battery) is a type of rechargeable battery containing nickel and cadmium plates and an alkaline electrolyte.

Battery Capacity is determined by the mass of active material contained in the battery that is the maximum total electrical charge expressed in ampere-hours.

Battery Cell is a single unit that is the simplest operating unit in a storage battery.

Battery Cycle Life is the number of charge cycles that is a specified depth of discharge before failing to meet the specified capacity or efficiency performance criteria.

Battery Energy Storage (or Battery Energy Storage System, BESS) is the set of methods and technologies of an energy accumulator that enables the energy from original sources to be stored and then released when customers need the power later. The Battery Energy Storage technologies are essential to speeding up the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy. At the start of 2020, BESSs accounted for around 5% of the global energy storage capacity, significantly less than pumped-storage hydro. According to Fortune Business Insights, the Battery Energy Storage market size is expected to reach $19.74 billion at 20.4% CAGR globally by 2027.

Battery Life is a measure of battery performance and the period during which a cell or battery is capable of operating above a specified capacity or efficiency performance level.

Battery Rack is a structure used to support a group of Batteries or Battery Cells.

Captive Electrolyte Battery is a battery having an immobilized electrolyte applied to the area of photovoltaics.

Carbon Zinc Cell Battery is a dry cell primary battery that is a cell produces electric energy by the galvanic oxidation of carbon.

Cut off Voltage is the voltage levels at which the charge controller disconnected automatically from the battery or the load from the battery.

Discharge Factor is 1) a number equivalent to the time in hours during which a battery is discharged at constant current usually expressed as a percentage of the total battery capacity (e.g., C/5 indicates a discharge factor of 5 hours); 2) in a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge (e.g., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle).

Discharge Rate is the rate that is the electrical current is taken from the battery in amperes or time, or a process produces waste or a product.

Dish Stirling System is a type of the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) system uses a parabolic dish to reflect and concentrate solar radiation onto a receiver filled with hydrogen or helium as a transfer gas.

Dry Cell is a type of electric battery with a captive electrolyte that is a primary battery that cannot be recharged.

Electrode is a conductor which the electricity flows into or out of a battery or other device.

Electrolytic Cell is a ​device ​containing an ​electrolyte and two ​electrodes, either used for ​producing ​electricity through a ​chemical ​reaction or for ​producing a ​chemical ​change in a ​liquid by ​electrolysis.

Gel Type Battery is a lead-acid battery in which the electrolyte is composed of a silica gel matrix that is a valve regulated and maintenance free battery.

Liquid Electrolyte Battery is a battery containing a liquid solution of acid and water. Electrolyte serves as catalyst to make a battery conductive by promoting the movement of ions from the cathode to the anode on charge and in reverse on discharge.

Maintenance Free Battery is a sealed battery and do not require constant maintenance.

Organic Electrode is an electrode made of organic materials that can either donate or accept electrons to or from an external circuit. The Organic Electrode Materials (OEM) for aqueous organic high-capacity batteries that can be easily and cheaply recycled, and commonly used in electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors including nonaqueous Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, dual-ion, multivalent-metal, aqueous, all-solid-state, and redox flow batteries, because of the universal properties of organic electrode materials.

Rated Battery Capacity is to indicate the maximum amount of energy that can be delivered by a fully charged battery by battery manufacturers.

Self-Discharge is the rate at which a battery reduces the stored charge of the battery without any connection between the electrodes that decreases the shelf life of batteries. The Self-Discharge is a natural and unavoidable process in energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries generally have lower self-discharge rates compared to nickel-based batteries. The Self-Discharge occurs due to various internal processes and factors, including: Chemical Reactions; Impurities; Leakage Currents; Temperature; State of Charge; Chemical Composition.

Shelf Life is the length of time that is 1) the recommended maximum duration for which products remains effective, free from deterioration, and acceptable under specified conditions of use; 2) remains unused before dropping below a specified level of performance.

Shelf Life of Battery is the period time for a stored commodity that a battery can be stored and remains effective, useful, or suitable for consumption.

Solar Battery is 1) a device converting solar radiation into electricity; 2) a rechargeable battery that integrates a solar cell with battery power storage. (Refer to the Solar Cell)

Storage Battery is a battery device that collects and stores electricity, capable of transforming energy from electric to chemical form and vice versa.

More Definitions – visit to the Shop!