Engineering

A. Definition
B. Engineering Scope of Work
C. Engineering Disciplines
D. Engineering Disciplinary Common Activities
E. Additional Definitions
F. Disciplinary Common Deliverables
G.Inter-Disciplines Engineering 
H. Institute

A. Definition

Engineering is the application of the scientific principle, theoretical knowledge, and technology with the practical experience to analyse and develop the sustainable design (safely, economically, and eco-friendly design: Eco-efficiency profiles). The Engineering is the preparation of plans, drawings and specifications required for the project procurement and construction works, and deliverables that are generated and developed based on the agreed design basis including specifications, codes and standards, and regulations to support to the manufacturing goods and constructing facilities. Engineering Disciplines of energy and chemical or oil and gas industries are mainly the process engineering, process safety engineering, mechanical engineering, piping and pipeline engineering, electrical engineering, control system and instrumentation (CSI) engineering and civil, structural and architecture (CSA) engineering.

Design is to convert the concepts and information into detailed plans of a configuration, drawing, model, or plan document. The Engineering Design is a creation of the detailed plans from the concept basis of specifications, codes and standards, and procedures for the production in manufacturing and construction of equipment and materials.

Design and Engineering is the basic sciences, mathematics and engineering practices that is the process of developing the components, systems, processes, or plants by the methodical series of steps by which engineers use in creating functional products and processes, and follow to come up with the solutions to problems to meet the project specifications, code and standards, regulations, etc. The Design and Engineering is applied to convert resources optimally to meet the project requirements as well as the variety of realistic constraints, such as economic factors, safety, environment, reliability, and social impacts. 

Management is the activity in an organisation and the coordination of business in order to achieve defined objectives and goals that manages and controls resources (people, money, time, technology, procedure, etc.) efficiently and effectively. The Management includes to develop team objectives and goals, set up detailed execution plan and procedures, and coordinate with internal and external parties. Practice of modern management originates from the 16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). The Management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study social organisation.

Engineering Management is a combining engineering and management skills with technical expertise to coordinate work in various technical fields including inter-disciplines and external interfaces, and to solve technical issues and problems. The Engineering Management is focusing on the application of engineering principles for the effective planning and efficient operations of resources and technologies.

B. Engineering Scope of Work

Feasibility Study is an assessment and evaluation of a new project or system viability that focuses the technical feasibility and commercial profitability. The Feasibility Study involves the legal, economic, technology, cost and schedule, environmental and other factors up to the completion of project as well as the commercial operations. In general, the Feasibility Study is a preliminary study performed in the early stage of the project, a conceptual design or FEED engineering stage.

Conceptual Design is an initial design document for the feasibility study including operation capacities (feeds and products), screening of the process technologies, and high level process and basic documentations (BFD or PFD and overall plant layout) that results are the basis of FEED or Basic Engineering. At the Conceptual Design stage, the site (plant location) selection study, initial project schedule (Level 1) and budget cost estimate - factored estimate (-50 ~ +100%) can be performed together.

FEED (Front End Engineering and Design, Front End Engineering (FEE), or Front End Loading (FEL)) is a type of the design and engineering documents that is developed based on a conceptual engineering or pre-FEED results. A FEED is used for the basis of the detailed design and engineering; FID (final investment decision) with accurate TIC (Total Investment Cost) estimates and overall project execution planning as well as the tendering document for EPC contractor selection. A FEED engineering depth is similar to a basic engineering, and its main outputs are process studies including process technology selection, process and utility configuration, and optimisations for a cost minimisation, supporting documentation for permits and funding, EPC execution planning including EPC cost estimate (Accuracy: +/- 15 ~ 30%), EPC Schedule, EPC tendering document, and basis of detailed design and engineering document. Type of FEED is a light, normal and extended FEED based on engineering deliverables and their depth and details depend on the client's demand.

Basic Engineering is a basis of the detailed design and engineering development for the procurement and construction that defines the technical requirements for the common design, fabrication, construction, and operation and maintenance of equipment and facilities. A cost estimate in the Basic Engineering phase may typically be refined to +/- 15 ~ 30% and, in many cases, this package may also be called as a front end engineering and design (FEED).

In general, FEED involves mechanical data sheets of the main equipment initiated from the process specifications, and the Basic Engineering performs the development and incorporation of the specific requirements of codes and standards with preliminary vendor information to be applied to the project.

Detailed Design and Engineering is a development of all required construction documents and drawings up to the AFC (Approved for Construction) stage for the construction, and detailed bill of materials (BOM) for the bulk material procurement based on the basic engineering or front end engineering and design (FEED) package. The Detailed Design and Engineering is limited to the verification of the design basis but producing all construction drawings after incorporating vendor information.

C. Engineering Disciplines

Engineering Disciplines of oil and gas industries are mainly the process engineering, process safety engineering, mechanical engineering, piping and pipeline engineering, electrical engineering, control system and instrumentation (CSI) engineering and civil, structural and architecture (CSA) engineering.

The number of Engineering graduates in the workforce has been growing at a rate of 4.66%, from 4.44M in 2020 to 4.65M in 2021. The largest single share of Engineering graduates go on to work as Software developers (8.41%). This chart shows the various jobs filled by those with a major in Engineering by share of the total number of graduates. (Data from the Census Bureau ACS PUMS 5-Year Estimate)

Engineering by Numbers (by Joseph Roy, PhD: Bachelor’s Degrees 2017~2018 from ASEE Website)

Based on the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded annually, the engineering majors offered at U.S. colleges and universities can be roughly divided into one of four size-based categories (Source: The International Center for Development of Science and Technology (ICDST) Research Group Inc.): the main disciplines (Civil, Computer, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering): 67%, and the medium four disciplines (Aerospace, Biomedical, Chemical, and Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering): 20%, and the smaller ten disciplines (Agricultural, Architectural, Engineering Management, Engineering Physics/Engineering Science, Environmental, General Engineering Studies, Materials, Mining, Nuclear, and Petroleum Engineering): less than 10%, and the specialty disciplines (such as Ocean Engineering, etc.): less than 5% of all engineering bachelor’s degrees awarded annually.

In 2014 ~ 2015, degrees awarded to students graduating with a bachelor’s degree from an engineering program increased by 7.5 %, continuing a trend of annual growth since 2007. Some of the largest year-to-year percentage increases were seen in computer engineering related programs: Computer Engineering (16.2 %), Computer Science (inside engineering) (17.6 %); and Electrical/Computer Engineering (21.3 %). Electrical Engineering was an outlier, showing only a 1.1 % gain in bachelor’s degrees over the previous year. (Source: ASEE)

Aerodynamics is the study of the air and other gases move around things that explains how an airplane is able to fly, a rocket blasting off the launch pad, a kite in the sky react to aerodynamics, and air and other gases flow with the forces moving in air.

Aerospace is the branch of technology, science, engineering, business, and industry focused on the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space.

Biochemical means connected with the chemistry of living things, and an application of the tools and concepts of chemistry to living systems.

Bioecology is the branch of biology that studies the relationship or interrelation of plants and animals with their common environment.

Bioprocess Engineering (or Biochemical Engineering) is a sub-discipline within biotechnology which specialisation of the chemical engineering or biological engineering that is the planning, design, manufacturing, and revision of the biological and chemical processes required to create new products within the life sciences. The Bioprocess Engineering is responsible for translating the discovery of life science into practical products, processes, or systems.

Biotechnology is the integration of natural and engineering sciences which specialised the chemical engineering or biological engineering to develop technologies and products that uses living organisms and molecular biology to improve the human lives and health of our planet. The Biotechnology is applied in genomics, medicine and pharmaceuticals, food production, and the production of biofuels. The Biotechnology have been using to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products from approximately 6,000 years ago, and a term of the Biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.

Chemical Engineering is an engineering discipline that applies physical sciences and life sciences together with mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and use chemicals, materials, and energy. The Chemical Engineering focuses on the design and operation of industrial chemical plants including: Fuels (gasoline, natural gas); Petrochemicals (chemicals obtained from petroleum or natural gas); Agricultural Chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides); Industrial Chemicals (acids, alkalis, organics, salts); Plastics, Polymers and Fibres; Paper and Paper Products; Pharmaceuticals and Drugs; Consumer Products (paints, soaps, household cleaners, etc.); Food Additives/Products; Advanced Materials (ceramics, electronic materials, composites, etc.).

Computer Engineering is a discipline that integrates the electronic engineering with computer sciences to design and develop computer systems and other technological devices including computer hardware and software. The Computer Engineering requires the theories and principles of computing, mathematics, sciences, and engineering that applies these theories and principles to solve technical problems through the design of computing hardware, software, networks, and processes.

Computer Science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications that brings together disciplines including mathematics, engineering, the natural sciences, psychology and linguistics, etc. The Computer Science involves systematically studying methodical processes (e.g., algorithms, protocols, etc.) to aid the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information by analysing the feasibility, structure, expression and mechanization of work processes.

Construction Engineering is to perform the engineering activities or works at the construction site that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and management of design and engineering matters. The Construction Engineering covers wide range of activities to evaluate and select the techniques for assembling and installing materials and components as well as developing workable, cost-effective, low-risk technical solutions. (Refer to the Field Engineering)

Control System and Instrumentation (CSI) Engineering is one of the engineering disciples that is responsible for the Control Systems and Instrumentations (Former Instrumentation Engineering or Control System Engineering).

Control System Engineering is a branch of engineering disciplines (Control System or Electrical) that is an interdisciplinary approach to enable the plant control systems, focuses on defining customer needs and required functionality with design synthesis and system validation. A Control System Engineer (CSI Engineer) is responsible for designing, developing, installing, managing and/or maintaining equipment which is used to monitor and control engineering systems, machineries, and processes.

Instrumentation Engineering is a specialised branch of the control system, electrical and electronic engineering that focuses on the measurement, control and automation of processes. In scientific terms, instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production, or manufacturing area.

CSA (Civil, Structural and Architectural) Engineering

Civil Engineering is an engineering discipline that focuses on the design, engineering, construction and maintenance of a building, road, bridge, related infrastructure, and underground works such as structure and equipment foundations, etc., and utility water and energy systems, etc. A Civil Engineer collaborates with other engineering disciplines, including architects, urban planners, environmental scientists, and policymakers, to create functional and sustainable infrastructure to consider factors like safety, aesthetics, environmental impact, and economic feasibility. The Civil Engineer is responsible for design and engineering for civil, structures, and underground works.

Structural Engineering is a part of the civil engineering that focuses the science and art of design and practical engineering with the analysis and design of structures. The Structural Engineering works to support or resist loads of all type of stationary structures with economy and elegance including buildings, bridges, frameworks, and other structures.

Architectural Engineering is a part of the civil engineering that is the application of engineering principles and technology to building design and construction. The Architectural Engineering is responsible for a building and structure design and engineering with economy and elegance.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is a system technology to supply quality air to the indoor or building with heating or cooling, and ventilation system to maintain or keep air quality and temperature.

Electrical Engineering is an engineering discipline that focuses on the electricity power system and controls, and electrical equipment and bulk materials. An Electrical Engineer is responsible for the technology and application of the electric power generation, distribution, and system controls. Key deliverables of the Electrical Engineering are a one-line diagram (single-line diagram), electrical load list, electrical equipment datasheet, electrical bulk materials, and distribution network drawing. etc. The Electrical Engineering is expanded to telecommunication systems.

Ergonomics is an engineering and scientific study for the people and working environmental to improve safety, health, productivity, effectiveness, efficiency, and deliver the comfortable environment. (Also, called as the Human Engineering or Human Factored Engineering)

Field Engineering is one of the construction organisations that is to perform the design and engineering work at the site. Primary responsibility is an interpretation of engineering design and document to the construction teams, supporting ad-hoc engineering related site activities including field material supply, gathering requested site information feedback to the Engineering division, and assisting engineering matter to operation and maintenance team. The Field Engineering team involves performing of completeness check and inspection of construction outcomes, and development of hand-over documentations.

Genetic Engineering is the artificial manipulation of genetic materials of DNA organisms or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism. (Also, called as the Genetic Modification (GM))

Geotechnical (Geotech) Engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the analysis, design and construction of the foundation, slope, retaining structure, embankment, tunnel, levee, wharf, landfill, and other systems that is made of or supported by soil or rock. The Geotech Engineering is also important in coastal and ocean engineering, in relation to building the wharf, jetty, marina and coastal defence, as well as foundation and anchor system for the offshore structure such as an oil rig platform.

Hydrodynamic means pertaining to forces in or motions of fluids. The Hydrodynamics is a branch of science concerned with forces acting on or exerted by fluids.

Insulation is the process of keeping heat, sound, or electricity from spreading that applies the material or substance to prevent, slow down or stop heat, electricity, or sound from going into or out of objects. The Insulation types are Thermal Insulation (Hot and Cold) and Acoustic Insulation.

Life Science is a branch of science involved in the health, agriculture, medicine, and pharmaceutical and food science industries. The Life Science includes biology, biochemistry, medicine, botany, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, anthropology and sociology, etc., with the structure and behaviour of living organisms and life processes. The Life Science industries are the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutical, biomedical technology, life systems technology, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, food processing, environmental, biomedical devices, and organisations and institutions that devote the majority of their efforts in the various stages of research, development, technology transfer and commercialization. The Life Sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life. 

Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that applies principles of science, technology, and industrial engineering practices for the mechanical design and engineering, focuses on the machines, equipment, devices, and mechanical systems. A Mechanical Engineer is responsible for the development of mechanical data sheets and bid evaluations for procurement, and involvements in the manufacturing, construction, operation and maintenance of the equipment and mechanical systems.

Offshore Engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the design and construction of the natural resources (oil and gas, etc.) and offshore wind farm projects located in the ocean, and the distance from the coast can be near or far intended to work in a stationary position in the ocean environment. The Offshore Engineering is responsible for the development of the offshore works including from oil and gas exploration and extraction, and telecoms and power cabling, to wind farms, wave power, and offshore minerals mining, etc., in most economical and environmentally safe ways and maximising production. (Refer to the Upstream Engineering)

Offshore Geotechnical Engineering is a branch of geotechnical engineering that focuses on the application of geological principles for the exploration or extraction of natural resources (oil, natural gas, coal, minerals, etc.). The Offshore Geotechnical Engineering is responsible for the foundation design, construction, maintenance and decommissioning for human-made structures in the sea including oil platforms, artificial islands and submarine pipelines, etc.

Painting is a practice of applying paint, pigment, colour or other medium to the surface of equipment and materials used as the decorative or protective coating.

Pipeline Engineering is a branch of engineering disciplines (Mechanical or Piping) that is responsible for design and engineering for the long distance piping system (pipeline) effectively. Generally, a Pipeline project is executed as an independent project, and a Pipeline Engineer is covering for a project, process and piping and civil engineering matters.

Piping Engineering is a branch of engineering disciplines (mechanical) that focuses on the analysing the behaviour of liquids and gases, and develops the fluid mechanics and uses knowledge in the piping system design and engineering. A Piping Engineer is responsible for design and engineering for the piping components and systems including the plant layout (plot plans) development.

Process Engineering is a branch of engineering disciplines (Chemical) that focuses on the process technology, configuration, integration and optimisation of the process and utility facilities, and a selection of the equipment types considering the performance of production and economics with other disciplinary supports. A Process Engineer is responsible for the development of process design and engineering document including PFD, P&ID, Process Datasheet, etc. The Process Engineer is often to involve a collaboration of engineering and science, and a normal back ground of process engineer is a chemical engineer.

Process Safety Engineering is a safety specialised process engineering discipline that is responsible for the developing risk assessments and designing safety operating practices, and provides technical leadership and support to identify hazards, assess risks and provide cost-efficient management solutions. The Process Safety Engineering focuses on the prevention of fire and explosion, accidental chemical release, and reactive chemistry, toxic exposure, overpressure/under pressure, equipment malfunction, excessive temperature and thermal expansion, metal fatigue, corrosion, human factors, and other similar conditions by the application of good engineering and design principles.

Production Engineering is the application of manufacturing techniques, engineering sciences with the management and control to produce a specific product that includes activities such as design, development, implementation, operation, maintenance, and control of all processes in the manufacture of products as well as analysis of the producibility, productions processes, and systems.

Reliability Engineering is one of the system engineering discipline (Process, Control Systems, Mechanical, Operation) for applying scientific know-how to the process, facility, and system that emphasises dependability in the lifecycle management of a product to perform its required functions without failure. The Reliability Engineering utilises the technology analysis to achieve reliability and maintenance task improvement in focuses on eliminating maintenance works, and to improve the productive capacity of critical equipment.

Systems Engineering is a generic term that describes the application of structured engineering methodologies to the design and creation of complex systems. The Systems Engineering is responsible for the design and management of complicated engineering projects, across wide ranges of engineering specialties, and combination of technical and project management skills required to complete multidisciplinary projects. (e.g., Modelling, Simulation, Reliability, and P&ID development, etc.)

Telecommunications Engineering is a combination of electrical engineering and computer science that is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of telecommunications equipment and facilities, such as complex electronic switching systems, optical fibre cabling, IP networks, etc. The Telecommunications Engineering uses the latest advances in communication technology (e.g., information transmission by electronic, electrical, and electromagnetic systems, etc.) and continually improve on the communication methods and systems.

Upstream Engineering is a specialised engineering discipline that is responsible for all activities of the exploration and production in the oil and gas industry including the geological survey, onshore and offshore drilling, etc. The Upstream Engineering covers the test drilling to determine the viability of the hydrocarbon reservoirs or resources such as conventional crude oil or natural gas, or unconventional deposits including shale oil or gas as well as the engineering, fabrication, installation, safe and reliable operation, and maintenance of the production facilities in accordance with the specifications, codes and standards, and local legislations.

D. Engineering Disciplinary Common Activities

Basis of Engineering and Design Data (BEDD) is the basis or basic information of the design and engineering work processes with applicable specifications, codes, standards as well as regulations that defines a common basis for the design of the process and utility units. A BEDD is developed by an engineering contractor or a consultant in accordance with BEDQ (Basis of Engineering and Design Questionnaire) responses and contractor's experiences and knowledges with the standard specifications and regulations. A BEDD is a deliverable document of the FEED, Basic Engineering, and Detailed Design and Engineering. (Also, called as the Basic Engineering Design Data (BEDD)) (Refer to the BEDQ (Basis of Engineering and Design Questionnaire))

Basis of Engineering and Design Questionnaire (BEDQ) is a contractor prepared questionnaire document to be provided information by the plant owner for the development of the Basis of Engineering and Design Data (BEDD). (Also, called as the BEDQ (Basis of Engineering and Design Questionnaire))

Battery Limit is the geographic boundaries identifying scope of works for units, facilities, systems as well as contractors or subcontractors.

Battery Limit Condition is a defined boundary situation between two areas of responsibility, which may include physical conditions (tie-ins), represented by a coordinate, and some other means.

Bill of Material (BM) is the listing of all comprehensive permanent components and parts for bulk materials which can be purchased from normal markets or manufacturers, and will be fabricated or assembled and installed as a part of a facility or plant. A BM list includes material codes (identification number), specifications and quantities as a minimum.

Bulk Material is a non-tagged item material that can be ordered and sold by weight (steel bar, etc.), volume (cement, oil, etc.), length (cable, wire, lumber, etc.), or in lots. The Bulk Material can be purchased from a standard catalogue description and bought in quantity for distribution as required that is called as the Framework Agreement, Blanket Orders or Umbrella Agreement. (e.g., pipe, conduit, fitting, steel, re-bar, cable and wire, sand, gravel, clay, cement, chemicals, etc.)

Control Room is the heart of plant operation of monitoring and controlling in which the control instruments and systems are located, and continuously communicating from/to the operation staffs and systems.

Critical Equipment

E. Engineering Disciplinary Common Deliverables (* Definitions are defined)

  • Basis of Engineering and Design Data (BEDD) *
  • Design Basis (or Basis of Design) *
  • Design Calculations with index
  • Equipment Arrangement Drawing *
  • Material Selection Diagram (MSD) *
  • Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) *
  • Plot Plan *
  • Three Dimensional Model (3D Model) *
  • Vendor Datasheet (Data Sheet) *

F. Inter-Disciplines Engineering (Key Deliverables)

G. Additional Definitions

Application Program (or Application Software, App) is a comprehensive, self-contained program that is written and designed for a specific need or purpose. (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, web browser, email, media player, file viewer, etc.) (Opposite of the System Software which is the infrastructure in the computer. (e.g., operating system, utilities and related components))

Backhauling is 1) the transportation in the reverse direction to the main from its principal haul. (e.g., the transportation of gas apparently in the reverse direction to the main flow of the pipeline; 2) in telecommunications, the physical part of a communications network between the central backbone and the individual local networks; 3) wireless backhaul is the wireless communication and network infrastructure responsible for transporting communication data from end users or nodes to the central network or infrastructure and vice versa.

Balance of Plant (BOP) is all infrastructural facilities except for the main product producing facilities in a plant. A BOP is generally used in a power project to all supporting facilities and auxiliary systems of the power plant needed to deliver the electricity, other than the generating unit itself. In the power plant, a BOP includes transformers, inverters, supporting structures, and control and monitoring systems of the entire plant, but not the turbine, generator, and generator step-up transformer, and all its elements.

Basic Process Control System (BPCS) is a system that handles process control and monitoring for the facility and its associated equipment, other programmable systems, and/or from an operator, and generates output signals causing the process.

CGS (Centimetre, Gram and Second) Unit is a metric system that is based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. For the international standardisation and scientific purposes, CGS units have now been replaced by the International Standard (SI) Units. (Refer to the MKS (Metre, Kilogramme, and Second) Unit)

Chemical Property is a characteristic or any quality of a substance that can be measured or observed following the chemical changes or reactions to the substance. Chemical Properties are heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH, and electromotive force, etc. (Refer to the Physical Property)

Closed System is 1) a type of thermodynamic system that can exchange energy (as heat or work) but does not matter with an outside system where mass is conserved within the boundaries of the system, but energy is allowed to freely enter or exit the system; 2) in electric (electric closed system or electric closed circuit), is an electric circuit through which current can flow in an uninterrupted or endless path.

Code

H. Institute

API’s Global Industry Services (GIS) division promotes safety, environmental protection, and sustainability across the natural gas and oil industry, globally. GIS is responsible for standards setting, certification, training, events, publications, and safety programs for industry operations. GIS works with leading industry subject-matter experts to develop and maintain over 700 Standards and Recommended Practices for the natural gas and oil industry that drive safety, environmental protection, and sustainability across industry operations. (Source: www.Api.org)

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is an independent agency that regulates the interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. FERC also reviews proposals to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and interstate natural gas pipelines as well as licensing hydropower projects. (http://www.ferc.gov)

Founded in 1893, the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) is a nonprofit organization of individuals and institutions committed to furthering education in engineering and engineering technology. It accomplishes this mission by promoting excellence in instruction, research, public service, and practice; exercising worldwide leadership; fostering the technological education of society; and providing quality products and services to members. (Source: www.asee.org/)

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) is the leading non-profit membership organization that connects those dedicated to reducing earthquake risk. Our multidisciplinary members include engineers, geoscientists, social scientists, architects, planners, emergency managers, academics, students, and other like-minded professionals. EERI has been bringing people and disciplines together since 1948. The objective of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute is to reduce earthquake risk by (1) advancing the science and practice of earthquake engineering, (2) improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social, economic, political, and cultural environment, and (3) advocating comprehensive and realistic measures for reducing the harmful effects of earthquakes. (Source: www.eeri.org)

Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) is one of the world’s largest engineering institutions with over 160,000 members in 127 countries. It is also the most multidisciplinary – to reflect the increasingly diverse nature of engineering in the 21st century. The IET is working to engineer a better world by inspiring, informing and influencing our members, engineers and technicians, and all those who are touched by, or touch, the work of engineers. (http://www.theiet.org/)

United Engineering Foundation Inc. (UEF) is the successor organization to the United Engineering Society (UES) which was founded in 1904 with the generous support of Andrew Carnegie. The members of the UEF are the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). (Source: www.uefoundation.org/)

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