The LCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) is a parameterisation of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains three major components: a cosmological constant denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ) and associated with dark energy; the postulated cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM); and ordinary matter. The LCDM model is the currently accepted standard model of cosmology, as it provides a framework that successfully explains a wide range of cosmological observations, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, the large-scale distribution of galaxies, and the accelerated expansion of the universe.

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Institutional Investors Double Down On Oil Despite Divestment Pledges (16 April 2024): By City A.M - The campaign for institutional investors to divest from oil giants like BP and Shell hasn’t made any progress due to the way index providers dominate the market, a new study has found. Only 60 institutional investors worldwide have sold all of their shares in BP and Shell, representing about three per cent and four per cent of their shareholders, a paper published earlier this year by David Whyte of Queen Mary University of London has revealed. These shares have all been promptly bought up by massive asset managers like Blackrock and Vanguard, who have risen to popularity through their market-tracking index funds. With Shell currently the largest company listed in the UK, and BP number five, tracking the index has meant buying more and more of their shares, and the passive giants have been happy to do so. ... (Source: Oil Price)