CSI Engineering

Control System is 1) a system of devices or set of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems to achieve desire results; 2) a procedure designed and established to check, evaluate, manage, record the performance.

Instrument is a device used for measuring operation conditions of machine, process, media such as pressure, temperature, component and other required information. The Instrument includes the measuring devices, transmitters, controllers, actuators, etc.

Instrumentation is a set of instruments that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities for the monitoring and controlling of the process or plant. The Instrumentation is applied for the plant operation safely and economically.

Control System and Instrumentation (CSI) Engineering is one of the engineering disciples that is responsible for the Control Systems and Instrumentations (Former Instrumentation Engineering or Control System Engineering).

Control System Engineering is a branch of engineering disciplines (Control System or Electrical) that is an interdisciplinary approach to enable the plant control systems, focuses on defining customer needs and required functionality with design synthesis and system validation. A Control System Engineer (CSI Engineer) is responsible for designing, developing, installing, managing and/or maintaining equipment which is used to monitor and control engineering systems, machineries and processes.

Instrumentation Engineering is a specialised branch of the control system, electrical and electronic engineering that focuses on the measurement, control and automation of processes. In scientific terms, instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production, or manufacturing area.

Alarm Management is the process of effectively handling and responding to alarms that controls and manages the design of alarm systems with human factors, instrumentation engineering and systems. The Alarm Management System includes procedures, documentations, characterisations, logics, prioritisations, schematics, software and hardware, and maintenance, etc. in various systems, such as industrial control systems, computer networks, and security systems for the classifying alerts, prioritising, grouping and event notifications. (Refer to the Alarm Flooding)

Cause and Effect (C&E) Diagram 1) identifies the instrument loops and connections with the process items that is to prevent accidents and help in the design of controls and protective systems for a process plant. The Cause and Effect is presented as a form of matrix in which the Cause means something happen, and Effect is what happens as a result of the cause. A C&E Diagram is a deliverable of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by CSI and Process disciplines; 2) A C&E Diagram is a brainstorming tool in the shape of a fishbone showing all possible variables that affect a specific process output.

Fire and Gas (F&G) System is designed to protect the plant people and facilities from hazardous conditions that is a part of the safety and control systems covering the overall plant control and monitoring requirements. A F&G System can detect hazardous events, initiate timely actions, and alert people in order to minimise the consequences of a critical event. A Fire and Gas detection system is continuously monitoring all areas for abnormal conditions.

Function Block Diagram (FBD) is a programming language using function block diagrams that can describe the function between input variables and output variables. A FBD can replace thousands of lines from a textual program that is a deliverable document of the FEED and Detailed Design and Engineering generated by a CSI (Control Systems and Instrumentation) discipline.

Functional Design is a phase in the development of computerised systems that provides a product and service specification of the functions on which a designer and an end-user have agreed and used to simplify the design of hardware and software devices such as computer programmes. The Functional Design assures that each modular part of a device has only one responsibility and performs that responsibility with the minimum of side effects on other parts.

Functional Design Specification (FDS) is a formal document used by a company in a pre-development phase to translate all notes, concepts, and scopes into a complete requirements document for software developers. A FDS is a user intention for the product's capability, appearance, and interaction.

Human Machine Interface (HMI) is a graphic based visualisation of an industrial control and monitoring system that is a software application demonstrating information to an operator or a user about the state of a process, and to accept and implement the operator control instructions. An HMI presents an interface, human vs. machine interaction to effective operation and control of the machine by human in a manufacturing or process control system. (e.g., the programmable automation controller (PAC), programmable logic controller (PLC), distributed control system (DCS), or supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, etc.) An HMI was previously called the Man Machine Interface (MMI).

I/O (In/ Out) is a list document containing the instrumentation that is the communication between information processing systems: Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. An I/O (In/ Out) List is used to describe any programme, operation or device that transfers data to or from a computer or other device. An I/O List is a key deliverable document of the CSI (Control System and Instrumentation) discipline.

Instrument Datasheet (Data Sheet) is a document of the performance and other technical characteristics of instrument items that includes the operating and design process conditions and measurement ranges for each process level component (level gauge, level transmitter, level switch etc.). The Instrument Datasheet is developed by the CSI (Control Systems and Instrumentation) discipline for the inquiry and purchase of instruments, and other disciplines that is to finalise with the vendor who can specify and size the instrument required. The physical properties of the handling fluids must be established in the process datasheet. The Instrument Datasheet is a key deliverable document of the FEED and Detailed Design and Engineering.

Instrument Index (or Instrument Schedule) is a document containing list of instrument devices within a plant that includes the description and complete listing by tag numbers, procurement, and installation information as well as loop drawing number and field installation details. The Instrument Index is maintained for the life of a facility for the recording and controlling the instrumentation and functions. The Instrument Index is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by a CSI (Control Systems and Instrumentaion) discipline.

Interlock System is a system used to maintain safe operating state of the machineries that detects the abnormal conditions or improper sequences and either halts further action or starts corrective action. A Valve Interlock is a trapped key lock assembly which locks the valve in one or two positions (Open and/or Closed) with one key trapped within the lock assembly and one key free.

Logic Control System is a specialised electronic system designed for automating and controlling various processes in industries, manufacturing, and other applications in which definite output signal states are functions of the states of the Input signals in the rules of Boolean algebra, true (1) and false (0). The Logic Control Systems are essential tools in modern industrial automation and manufacturing, helping organisations optimise processes, reduce manual labour, improve quality, and ensure the safe and efficient operation of equipment and machinery.

Main Automation Contractor (MAC) is a single responsible contractor for instrumentation, control and control system, information, and safety aspects of the project who works as a partner with the end user and manages the plant automation solution. A MAC identifies all automation activities, develops an execution plan, obtains the best resources, selects the best technologies, implements design and engineering, supplies programmes and hardware, and installs assembles in achieving the complete automation solution in an efficient and effective manner.

Material Take-Off (MTO) is an action of counting of the bulk material pieces and parts by engineering disciplines for procurement that identifies commodities with quantities and types from drawings or 3D Model and records the material required for the fabrication or construction. A MTO Measurement: Count (count everything required for individual items); Length (Pipes, Cables, etc.); Area (Paint, etc.); Volume (Concrete, Asphalt, etc.) (Refer to the MTO (Material Take-Off) Allowance; BM (Bill of Material))

Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is a schematic representation of the equipment, instrument, piping, and any miscellaneous items with corresponding the design data of processing units, utility systems, and offsite systems serving a processing unit that is used for the design basis and provided the key process information to all involved disciplines. A P&ID allows the design to progress from the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) with the standard numbering systems that facilitates the design processes, manufactures, and constructions, and communicates information to the Client. A P&ID includes a unique plant item number for each item of equipment, valve, instrument, and line, and ideally a line number includes a size, material, and fluid content identifier to enable the anyone reading the drawing to obtain these information without having to refer to other documents. Approved P&ID is the basis of HAZOP and SIL review. A P&ID is a deliverable document of the FEED and Detailed Design and Engineering generated by the multidisciplinary efforts. (Refer to the Intelligent P&ID)

Process Control System (PCS) is the automation system for the efficiency in flexibility, measurability, availability, safety, and security in a process plant control system. A PCS is the combination activities of control engineering and process engineering disciplines that provides predictable, stable, and consistently operating of a process at the target level of performance with the normal variations.

Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) is a set of equipment intended to reduce the risk due to a specific hazard that is designed to prevent or mitigate a hazardous event. The SIF has an assigned SIL (Safety Integrity Level), and one or more SIFs comprise a SIS (Safety Instrumented System).

Safety Instrumented System (SIS) is a set of hardware and software controls for the critical process systems that is designed to prevent or mitigate hazardous events by taking the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. A SIS can be one or more SIF (Safety Instrumented Function).

User Acceptance Test (UAT) is one of the final tests that is performed when the product manufacturing and individual's functional testing processes are completed. An UAT is conducted in a real or simulated operational environment through the series of specific tests by end users who are familiar with the business requirements, and can validate the product meeting the needs of users' requirements and expectations. (Also, called as an End User Test)

Control System is 1) a system of devices or set of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems to achieve desire results; 2) a procedure designed and established to check, evaluate, manage, record the performance.

Automatic (or Remote) Meter Reading System is a technology used to automatically collecting data system that records the consumption, diagnostic, and status data from utilities (water, gas, electric, etc.) and sends the data to a central data accumulation device for billing, troubleshooting and analysis. An AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on internet platforms, radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission, etc.

Automation Control System (ACS) is an application of control theories for the regulation of processes without direct human involvement that is used in the various control systems for the operating equipment such as machineries, processes in the productions. An ACS sustains and improves the functioning of a controlled object with starting, stopping, monitoring, adjusting, etc. A benefit of ACS function is to save labour, materials and to improve quality, accuracy, and precision.

Burner Management System (BMS) is a control system that uses to monitor and manage the safe start-up, operation and shut down of process burners.

Closed Loop Control System (or Closed Loop System) is a process control system that records the output instead of input and modifies it according to the need. (Called as the Feedback Control System)

Control Logic Diagram defines how a reactive system responds to events or conditional changes by using a method of logic diagramming of binary interlock and sequencing systems for the start-up, operation, alarm, and shutdown of equipment in the oil and gas industries. The Control Logic Diagram provides easy to read graphic representation of the operation of individual system equipment controls using basic digital logic symbols in which symbols functionally relate manual and process input action to the process control and operator display output actions. The Control Logic Diagram is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by a CSI (Control Systems and Instrumentaion) discipline.

Distributed Control System (DCS) is a computer based control system for units and plants, wherein control elements are split between user interfaces and the electronic control equipment which is typically located on the process unit. DCS consist of subsystems that are functionally integrated but may be physically separated and remotely located from one another, generally have at least one shared function within the system that communicates links or the display devices.

Detection System

Instrument is a device used for measuring operation conditions of machine, process, media such as pressure, temperature, component and other required information. The Instrument includes the measuring devices, transmitters, controllers, actuators, etc.

Actuator is a control device of a machine or system that controls the flow of material. The Actuator turns a control signal into mechanical action by hydraulic, pneumatic, electric power.

Annubar is a device that is an averaging Pitot tube used to measure the flow of gas, steam, or liquid in a pipe.

Choke is a device incorporating an orifice that is used to control fluid flow rate or downstream system pressure.

Control Valve is a device used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that is capable of modulating flow at varying degrees between minimal flow and full capacity in response to a signal from an external control device.

Emergency Relief Device is a device that is designed to prevent rise of internal fluid pressure in excess of a specified value and mounted on tanks with fixed roof for volatile liquids. (Refer to the Process Safety Valve (PSV) or Pressure Relief Valve (PRV))

Emergency Shutdown Device is a device that is designed the system shutdown safely from the emergency conditions.

Emergency Shutdown Valve (ESDV)

Automation is the use of machines operated automatically that is an introduction or using of automatic equipment in a manufacturing or other process or facility.

Adjustable Set Point is a feature allowing the user to adjust the value at which a controller attempts to maintain the process variable.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for web servers to interface with executable programs running on a server that generates web pages dynamically. A CGI define the standard way a web server communicates with another program on the same computer, and an external program on a client machine that is usually written in a scripting language or any programming language.

Digital System is a system which deals with discrete signal and two binary value which is 0 and 1 that is any programmable electronic system such as a PLC, DCS, or microcomputer.

Functional Prototype is a device for the testing or declaration of functions that is a sample or model of a product built to workable and used to demonstrate the operating functions of a device or interconnected system. The Functional Prototype is considered usable in an operating environment that can be tested in a laboratory setting to determine if a design solution meets specifications and performance requirements.

Imbedded Process is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time operating system (RTOS) that is a stochastic process in continuous time is observed only at the time points where a change of state occurs.

Man Machine Interface (MMI) is a software application in the industrial design of human–computer interaction. A MMI presents information to an operator or a user about the state of a process with the control system. (Also, called as the Human Machine Interface (HMI))

Satellite Instrument House (SIH) 

• Alarm and Trip Schedule
• Air Distribution Diagram
• Cause and Effect (C&E) Diagram
• Control Logic Diagram
• Control Room and Control Building Layout
• Function Block Diagram (FBD)
• Grounding Diagrams for Instruments and Control Systems
• Input/ Output Schedule
• Instrument and Control System Schematic
• Instrument Cable Routing
• Instrument Cable Schedule
• Instrument Datasheet (Data Sheet) *
• Instrument Design Data and Engineering Calculation
• Instrument Hook-Up Diagram (Electric, Pneumatic, hydraulic and/or Process)
• Instrument Index (or Instrument Schedule) *
• Instrument Junction Box Schedule
• Instrument Junction Boxes and Panels Block Diagram
• Instrument Location Drawing
• Instrument Power and Utility Requirement
• Instrument Requisition for Equipment and Bulk Materials
• Instrument Specifications for Equipment and Material
• Interconnection Diagram for Instrumentation
• Loop Diagram
• Panel and Rack Layout
• Power Distribution One line for Instrumentation and Control System
• Power Distribution Schedule for Instrumentation and Control System
• Relief and Safety Device Index
• Specifications Defining Functionality of Systems and Interfaces between systems
• System Block Diagram
• System Graphic Display

Founded in 1945, the International Society of Automation is a leading, global, nonprofit organization with more than 40,000 members worldwide. ISA develops standards, certifies industry professionals, provides education and training, publishes books and technical articles, and hosts conferences and exhibitions for automation professionals. ISA’s 160 geographical sections, connect members with technology, expert advice, and world-class technical programming. (Source: www.isa.org/)