Electrical Engineering

Electrical means related to electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.

Electrical Engineering is an engineering discipline that focuses on the electricity power system and controls, and electrical equipment and bulk materials. An Electrical Engineer is responsible for the technology and application of the electric power generation, distribution, and system controls. Key deliverables of the Electrical Engineering are a one-line diagram (single-line diagram), electrical load list, electrical equipment datasheet, electrical bulk materials, and distribution network drawing. etc. The Electrical Engineering is expanded to telecommunication systems.

Electric Power is a rate of the electrical energy consumption which is transferred in an electric circuit that is produced by electric generators, and distributed by electric power networks. The international standard (SI) unit of the Electric Power is watt (joule per second). (Refer to the Electricity)

Electricity is a form of electrical energy that is expressed in terms of the movement and interaction of electrons. The Electricity occurs naturally (lightning) or is produced by electric generators and observable in positive and negative forms that is carried through wires and cables, and used to operate machines, lights, heat, etc. The Electricity gives the static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current.

Telecommunication is the computer science communication technology that is to exchange the information by electronic and electrical means over a significant distance including the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.

Telecommunications Engineering is a combination of electrical engineering and computer science that is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of telecommunications equipment and facilities, such as complex electronic switching systems, optical fibre cabling, IP networks, etc. The Telecommunications Engineering uses the latest advances in communication technology (e.g., information transmission by electronic, electrical, and electromagnetic systems, etc.) and continually improve on the communication methods and systems.

Auxiliary Energy or System is an alternate source of energy system or energy supply system to operate mechanical components or any additional energy consumptions (e.g., fans, pumps, control gear etc.) that is a back-up system.

Backup Energy System is a reserve appliance that can provide adequate power to operate critically important equipment until the main power system is restored for a home, commercial building, and industry. (Refer to the EPS (Emergency Power System); UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply); ESS (Energy Storage System))

Base Load is the portion of energy (electricity, LNG) delivered or produced that is continuous as a minimum over a given period of time at a steady rate, approximately equivalent to the minimum daily load. In electric system, the Base Load power is generated by nuclear or fossil-fuel (or, where available, biomass or geothermal) generators as the basis of the reliable and affordable electricity needed to satisfy this minimum demand.

Base Load Capacity is the power output of a power plant that can operate continuously to meet the minimum level of power demand 24/7.

Base Load Power Plant is a power plant that usually provides a continuous supply of the base load electricity throughout the year, typically coal or nuclear power generating units.

Cable Schedule is a table of information about instrument or electrical cables including power, lighting, communication, security, fire, etc., for the cable installation. The Cable Schedule contains the cable length, cable type, termination detail, and route from fields to control systems or from one location to other.

Capacity Factor is the ratio of the average power output of an electricity generating unit or system over a specified period of time to the maximum possible electrical energy output over that period.

Cathodic Protection is a technique of preventing the rate of corrosion of a metal surface by imposing a small electrical voltage between the structure and the ground used for the floating vessel, platform, storage tank and pipeline. The Cathodic Protection is based on the electrochemical nature of the corrosion phenomena by which the anodic area corrodes (current is discharged) and the cathodic area does not corrode (current is received)..

Circuit is 1) a closed system of a roughly circular route through which electricity or liquid can flow; 2) a regular pattern of visits or the places visited.

Critical Protection Circuit is any circuit that contains critical protective devices and/or critical protective instrumentation that is protected by rapidly disconnecting power to components in the event of an abnormal operating condition.

Electric Heat Tracing (ET) is a system used to maintain or raise the temperature of pipes or vessels by an electrical heating element run in physical contact along the length of a pipe or vessels. An ET cables are an alternative to steam trace heating where steam is not available or unwanted. (Refer to the Heat Tracing)

Electric System consists of the electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and components operated as a unit.

Electrical Appliance Class is a basic safety publication intended to be a guideline for technical committees for the In-Service Inspection and Testing (PAT: Portable Appliance Testing) of Electrical Equipment defined in IEC 61140 that is routinely checked for safety to ensure they are safe to use, and different tests are carried out depending on the class of equipment. The type of the electrical appliance is portable; movable; stationary, and IT appliances.

Electrical Area Classification (EAC) is the basis of the selecting electrical and instrumentation equipment and wiring methods that is the process of determining the existence and extent of hazardous locations in a facility containing any flammable and combustible chemicals. An EAC is a set of drawings in which any flammable and combustible chemicals may be present that allows to determine the correct level of equipment safety needed to comply with NFPA 70, the National Electric Code (NEC). The Electrical Area Classification is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by the Electrical Engineering Discipline. (Also, called as the Hazardous Area Classification)

Electrical Equipment is a tagged item in electrical devices that usually consists of the enclosure, electrical components, power switch, and electrical distribution system such as: Electric switchboards, Distribution boards, Circuit breakers and disconnects, Electricity meter, Transformers, etc. (Refer to the Electrical Tagged Equipment)

Electrical Grid (or Electric Power Network System) is an interconnected network system for delivering electric power (electricity) from electric power generation plants to final users (homes and plant). The Electrical Grid network system consists of the electric power generation plant (or stations); high voltage (above 1500V DC) transmission lines from power generation sources to local distribution centres and low voltage (120 ~ 1500V DC) transmission lines from the local distribution centre to final users; substations; and transformers.

Electrical Load is any electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power. The Electrical Load includes the appliances, lights, and any resistor or electric motor in a circuit that converts electrical energy into light, heat, or useful motion constitutes a load on the circuit. The Electrical Load is opposed to a power source, such as a battery or generator, which produces power.

Electrical Load Analysis (ELA) is the verifying process of an electrical system whether the system is safe and efficient, and not overloaded in anyway. An ELA is the assessments and quantifications any electrical components, portions, and distributions of a circuit in the electrical system to ensure the designed capacity, and normal and emergency operations including time of day or season as a variable.

Electrical Load List (Schedule) is an estimated electric power consumption list that is sub-summarised by a circuit, sub-facility (sub-station), and whole plant (main-substation). An electric power consumption is measured in W (watt) or kW, and kVA kVAR). The Electrical Load List (Schedule) is a key deliverable document of the Electrical Engineering discipline.

Electric Resistance Heating is a type of heating system that produces the heat by passing an electric current through a material that preferably has high resistance.

Electrical System is all conductors and electricity using devices that is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use an electric power.

Electrical System Studies are the fault levels, short circuit current, minimum/ maximum load flow analysis, motor starting effects and system stability, voltage levels including the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) that is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline.

Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) is an electrical power transient stability calculation program. An ETAP enables engineers to accurately model power system dynamics and transients by simulating system disturbances and other events.

Emergency Power System (EPS) is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. Defined by IEEE (Standard 446-1995) as "upon failure or outage of the normal source, automatically provides reliable electric power within a specified time to critical devices and equipment whose failure to operate satisfactorily would jeopardize the health and safety of personnel or result in damage to property", and NEC defined as "intended to automatically supply illumination, power, or both, to designated areas and equipment in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of a system intended to supply, distribute, and control power and illumination essential for safety to human life."

Energisation is to make live for the first time in the electrical system. The Energisation is the movement of any switch or the insertion of any fuse to enable an electrical current to flow through an electricity transmission and distribution network including the end user's installation at the connection point.

Galvanic Current is a constant low-voltage direct current (DC) that is the presence of two or more dissimilar metals in an electrolyte or saltwater environment. The Galvanic Current is a type of electrical energy that can be measured, and defined as the unidirectional current of an electric charge. It is produced by various sources like solar cells, batteries, electric devices, and others.

Grid is 1) a network of lines that crosses each other to form a series of squares or rectangles (e.g., rectangular mesh); 2) the transmission system for electricity.

Smart Grid is an intelligent electric power system that consists of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together with the electrical grid system (a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers and more that deliver electricity from the power plant to end users) to respond digitally to the quickly changing electric demand. The Smart Grid system allows two-way communication of electricity data, and enable real time data collection concerning electricity supply and demand during the transmission and distribution process.

Grid Line (or Gridline) is 1) any of a series of numbered horizontal and perpendicular lines that divides a map into squares to form a grid by means of which any point may be located by a system of rectangular coordinates; 2) the light gray line that divides each of the cells, rows, and columns in a spreadsheet; 3) the metallic contacts fused to the surface of the solar cell to provide a low resistance path for electrons to flow out to the cell interconnect wires.

Grounding (or Earthing) is a method of giving electricity to return to ground that connects to a particular point in an electrical or electronic circuit. The earth is an electrically neutral body, and an equal number of negative and positive charges are distributed throughout the earth which is considered to be at zero. A Ground conductor is an essential part of the safety earthing system in the electrical power distribution. The Ground wire is an additional path for electrical current to return safely to ground without danger to anyone in the event of a short circuit. The Earth Ground consists of a conductive pipe or rod driven into the earth to a minimum depth of 8 feet as defined by the National Electrical Code (NEC).

Hazardous Area Classification is to identify potential sources of the hazardous materials that is the process of determining the existence and extent of hazardous locations in a facility, and outlines the classifications of areas where any flammable and combustible chemical liquids, gasses or vapours are handed, processed or stored (e.g., Open process points, Pump seals, Rotating equipment, Seal pots, Drains, Sampling points, Vents, PSVs, Rupture Disks, etc.). The Hazardous Area Classification defines: Type of hazard or hazardous material; Flammable concentration; Auto-ignition temperature of the hazardous material, etc. The Hazardous Area Classification is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by the multidisciplinary efforts.

Hazardous Area Classification Drawing presents the clouding mark on the area around the hazards with the appropriate area classification based on input from the Process Flow Diagram, Piping & Instrumentation Diagram and Plot Plan document, etc. A Hazardous Area Classification Drawing is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline. (Refer to the Hazardous Area Classification; Electrical Area Classification) (Also, called an Electrical Area Classification Drawing)

Inrush Current (or Starting Current) is the current that is required to energise an electrical equipment device when first applying voltage that can be several times greater than the motor’s rated current. The Inrush Current is required to the starting torque by the mechanical strength of the shafts and other parts of the driven mechanism or to achieve the smooth start required by certain production processes. This arises due to the high initial currents required to charge the capacitors and inductors or transformers.

Starting Surge is an abnormally high voltage required to bring any appliance with a motor up to operating speed. (Refer to the Inrush Current (or Starting Current))

Starting Torque is the maximum torque that can be produced by a motor in order to start rotational movement of the load. The torque developed by the motor is a percentage of the full-load or rated torque. (Refer to the Inrush Current (or Starting Current))

Surge Capacity is the ability of a system or organisation to rapidly expand its operations or resources in response to an increased demand or an emergency situation that used for unforeseen emergencies and disasters, usually 3-5 times the rated power, that is the maximum power and can be provided over a short time. The Surge Capacity is a concept often used in the disaster management, emergency preparedness, and context of healthcare systems that can effectively respond to and manage a surge in demand without becoming overwhelmed. (Refer to the Inrush Current (or Starting Current))

Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) is an integrated microprocessor based controller of the power system equipment that is added to Industrial Control System (ICS) to enable advanced power automation. An IED is any device incorporating one or more processors with the capability to receive or send data and control from or to an external source in which IED functions can be defined: Protection; Control; Monitoring; Metering; Communications.

Intelligent Power Management (IPM) is a combination of hardware and software that optimises the distribution and uses of electrical power in computer systems and data centres. While the installation of IPM involves up-front cost and ongoing maintenance, the technology can save money in the long term as a result of reduced electric bills, reduced downtime and prolonged hardware life.

Interlock is 1) the state of two mechanisms or functions mutually dependent; 2) on a high voltage area shield to prevent them being opened while the power is on, ensuring that the system remains closed.

Intrinsic Safety (IS) is an approach to the design of electrical equipment in hazardous areas that is a protection technique for the safe operation to reduce the available energy, means preventing sparks and keeping temperatures low.

Intrinsically Safe is a protection technique of electrical equipment in hazardous areas that is equipment and wiring which is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignited concentration.

Ladder Diagram (Relay Ladder Diagram) is the specialised schematics used to industrial control logic systems that is one or more networks of contacts, functions, function blocks, data elements, labels, and connective elements. The Ladder Diagram differs from regular schematic diagrams to electronics technicians primarily in the strict orientation of the wiring: vertical power rails (supply power) and horizontal control rungs (control circuits to represent).

Load Management is 1) the work process of a system load by assessing and quantifying that is the discrete components and comprise loads (e.g., Workload, Electrical or Structural loads, etc.) based on particular conditions including time of day or season as a variable; 2) in Electricity industry, the process of balancing the supply of electricity to influence the demand on a power source by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output. The Load Management can be three categories: Load Shedding (Peak Clipping), Load Shifting, and Load Valley Filling.

Peak Power is the maximum power generated that the power supply can sustain for a short time, or operates at a very low capacity factor, or the maximum power rating of electronic device.

Peak Shifting is the process of moving existing large loads to during a period of time by advancing or delaying off-peak periods.

Main Electrical Contractor (MEC) is an electrical contractor who provides a complete and integrated electrical system including the electrical system supply, installation, and commissioning as well supporting start-up operation.

Material Take-Off (MTO) is an action of counting of the bulk material pieces and parts by engineering disciplines for procurement that identifies commodities with quantities and types from drawings or 3D Model and records the material required for the fabrication or construction. A MTO Measurement: Count (count everything required for individual items); Length (Pipes, Cables, etc.); Area (Paint, etc.); Volume (Concrete, Asphalt, etc.) (Refer to the MTO (Material Take-Off) Allowance; BM (Bill of Material))

Motor Control Centre (MCC) is an assembly of one or more enclosed sections providing the motor controls and electrical distributions that is used in large commercial and industrial applications, and consists of variable frequency drives, programmable controllers, and metering. The Intelligent or Integrated MCC (iMCC) can be defined when the MCC includes: a computerised control system; network technology; enhanced diagnostic or protective functionality.

Motor Datasheet defines the various electronic specifications including speed, torque, and overload performance, etc., that is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline. characteristics.

One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram (SLD) is a simplified graphical representation of the power system that is the interface for creating and managing the electrical networks include circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors. The One Line Diagram is the starting point of the power system analysis and other electrical design and engineering works that shows interlocks, inter tripping, system capacity, Voltage levels, currents, impedances, generation power levels etc. The One Line Diagram is a key deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline.

Emergency Power One Line Diagram is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline that shows interlocks, inter tripping, system capacity, voltage levels, currents, impedances, generation power levels etc.

UPS One Line Diagram is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline that shows interlocks, inter tripping, system capacity, voltage levels, currents, impedances, generation power levels etc.

Single Line Diagram (SLD) refers to a One Line Diagram

Paging Service is a telecommunication service that allows transmitting signals for the purpose of activating specific messages and/or sounds in a defined operating area.

Power Conditioning is the process of modifying the characteristics of electrical power to improve the quality that is delivered to electrical load equipment. (e.g., inverting DC to AC)

Power Factor (PF) is a measure of an electrical system efficiency that is a ratio of actual power (working power) being used in AC circuit (apparent power): PF = KW/ KVA, (KVA = KW + KVAR) where, kW = working power (W), kVA = kilo volts times amperes, and kVAR = kilo volts times amperes, reactive. A PF is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of 0 (all power is reactive power with no real power) to 1 (all power is real power with no reactive power), and the Power Factor of 1 would mean 100% of the supply is being used efficiently.

Power Management Solutions (PMS) is a computing device of controlling the electrical system that allows users to control the amount of electrical power consumed by an underlying device, with minimal impact on performance. A PMS is to make sure that the electrical system is safe and efficient.

Power Transmission Line is an electrical cable that carries electricity from a power plant to other locations for distribution.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless system comprised of two components: tags and readers that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is the electromagnetic interference (EMI) that is the conduction or radiation of radio frequency energy, and causes an electronic or electrical device to produce noise that typically interferes with the function of an adjacent device.

Rated Power is the power output of a device that is the highest power input allowed to flow through the equipment under specific or nominal operating conditions.

Reactive Power (Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR)) is the electrical power that is a measure of unproductive power comes from the creation of an electro-magnetic field necessary in motors and transformers.

Standby Power System is an independent electric energy source that provides electric power of acceptable quality when the electricity failure or outage of the normal source. Within the NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC), there are four main types of standby power systems: Emergency Systems (Level 1 or Critical Life Safety Systems) - legally required for critical facilities and include systems that are essential for safety to human life; Optional Standby Systems - required by codes to light or power equipment whose failure could create hazards, hinder rescue, or hamper firefighting operations; Legally Required Standby Systems (Level 2 or Less Critical Systems) - equipment or systems that the business itself deems business critical; Critical Operations Power Systems - required in facilities that, if destroyed or incapacitated, can disrupt national security, the economy, public health, or safety.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a computerised monitoring and controlling system by coded signals with the data acquisition system for a remote electrical equipment and system such as a substation, transmission and distribution network elements.

Transmission Line is a specialised cable or other structure designed to transmit high-voltage electricity from the transformer to electric distribution system.

Wireless is the using systems of all sorts of technologies (electromagnetic waves, induction, etc.) and devices that transmits information or electricity over the air rather than over wires between two or more points. (e.g., mobile phone communications, networking between computers, or from a power source to an electrical load) (Refer to the Wireless Network; Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) or Wireless Power Transfer (WPT))

Electrical Equipment is a tagged item in electrical devices that usually consists of the enclosure, electrical components, power switch, and electrical distribution system such as: Electric switchboards, Distribution boards, Circuit breakers and disconnects, Electricity meter, Transformers, etc.

Electrical Tagged Equipment includes the Transformer, Switchgear, MCC, UPS, Charger, Generator, Power Supplies, Control Panel, and Electrical Packaged Equipment, etc.

Battery is an electric device connected electrically two or more cells for storage or producing electric energy that provides electricity power to electronic devices or machines.

Bus Bar (Busbar) is a conductor or an assembly of conductors for collecting electric currents and distributing them to outgoing feeders of an electric power plant that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. The Bus Bar system consists of the isolator and the circuit breaker in which the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the busbar is easily disconnected from the circuit.

Capacitor is an electrical device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

Circuit Breaker is a safety device used to interrupt or break an electrical circuit that is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or overload or short circuit.

Converter is a device for transforming electrical energy that converts a direct current (DC) voltage to another DC voltage.

Energy Storage System (ESS)

Electrical Bulk Material List is the Electrical Bill of Material (BM) list document including electrical cables; conduit and fittings; cable tray and ladders, and accessories (junction boxes, cable lugs, cable glands, heat shrinkable tube, cable termination and joint kits, cable marking, tagging system & accessories, lighting fixtures and lamps, etc.) that is a deliverable document of the Detailed Design and Engineering developed by an Electrical Engineering discipline.

Bulb is a light bulb that is the transparent in an electric light that the electric light transmits through.

Bus is an electrical conductor that is used for transmitting signals or power from one or more sources to one or more destinations.

Cable is a group of wires covered by plastic or rubber and used to carry electricity or signals.

Cage is 1) the component of an electric motor composed of solid bars arranged in a circle and connected to continuous rings at each end; 2) a space surrounded on all sides by bars or wire.

Conduit is a tubular material used for water or electrical wires to go through and protect one or more electrical conductors.

Conductor is 1) an electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers; 2) a person who directs the performance of an orchestra.

DC to DC Converter

Active Power is the real component of the power of an alternating current (AC) circuit used by a device to produce useful work.

Alternating Current (AC) is an electric current that is the reverse flow at regular intervals or cycles, or the movement of electric charges in a circuit periodically. (Opposite of the Direct Current (DC))

Ampere Hour (Ah/AH) Meter is an instrument that measures the flow of current with time. (Refer to the Ampere Hour (or Amp-Hours, Ah/AH))

Anode is an electrode of the electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. The Anode is a positively charged electrode, as of an electrolytic cell, storage battery, or electron tube, and a negatively charged terminal of a primary cell or of a storage battery that is supplying current.

Apparent Power (VA) is the voltage-ampere requirement of a device. The Apparent power for DC circuits is simply the voltage (Vdc) times the current (Idc): VA = Vdc x Idc, and for AC circuits, VA is the product of the RMS (root mean square) voltage (VRMS) times the RMS current (IRMS).

Backhauling is 1) the transportation in the reverse direction to the main from its principal haul. (e.g., the transportation of gas apparently in the reverse direction to the main flow of the pipeline; 2) in telecommunications, the physical part of a communications network between the central backbone and the individual local networks; 3) wireless backhaul is the wireless communication and network infrastructure responsible for transporting communication data from end users or nodes to the central network or infrastructure and vice versa.

Blackout is 1) a period of time when there is no electricity power because of a failure, or hidden by law. The Blackout may cause in an electricity network including faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit, etc.; 2) a short period of time for a temporary loss of consciousness; 3) a period for which certain special offers or discounts are not available.

Breakdown Voltage

• Area Key Plan for Lighting, Tray and Grounding Layout
• Cable Routing Schedule
• Cable Tray Penetration Detail into buildings
• Circuit Breaker Setting
• Duct Bank Detail
• Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manual and Setting Document
• Electrical Area Classification *
• Electrical Bulk Material List
• Electrical Component Maintenance and Instruction Manual
• Electrical Equipment and Component Datasheet
• Electrical Equipment Drawings including vendor prints
• Electrical Equipment Front and Interior Layout
• Electrical Equipment Sizing Calculation
• Electrical Equipment Specification
• Electrical Heat Tracing Isometric
• Electrical Lighting Control Schematic
• Electrical Load List (Schedule) *
• Electrical Installation Details including manuals
• Electrical System Studies
• Electrical Wiring Drawing and Terminal Connection Document
• Emergency Power Load Requirements
• Fuse Ratings and Characteristic Curve
• Grounding Layout Drawing
• Hazardous Area Classification Drawing *
• Hazardous Area Classification *
• Heat Tracing Calculation
• Heat Tracing Panel Schedule
• Installation Details for Lighting, Grounding, Heat Tracing etc.
• Inter Connection Drawing between Panels
• Lighting and Distribution Panel Schedule
• Lighting Level Calculation
• Load Flow Analysis, Motor Starting Effect and System Stability, and Voltage Levels
• MCC Schedule
• Motor Datasheet
• Motor Protection Setting
• Motor Schematic
• MOV Control Schematic
• One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram (SLD) *
• Emergency Power One Line Diagram
• Key One Line Diagram
• UPS One Line Diagram *
• Plant and Buildings Lighting Layout Drawing
• Plant Cable Tray and Cable Routing Layout
• Relay Setting Schedules including setting curve
• Substation Layout Drawing
• Switchgear Building Equipment Layout
• Termination Schedule/Diagram
• Transformer Tap Setting
• Tray Sizing Calculation
• U/G Duct Bank Layout Drawing

Founded in 1906, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is the world’s leading organization for the preparation and publication of International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These are known collectively as “electrotechnology”. IEC provides a platform to companies, industries and governments for meeting, discussing and developing the International Standards they require. All IEC International Standards are fully consensus-based and represent the needs of key stakeholders of every nation participating in IEC work. Every member country, no matter how large or small, has one vote and a say in what goes into an IEC International Standard. (http://www.iec.ch/)

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is the world's largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community through IEEE's highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities. (https://www.ieee.org/)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICTs). We allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide. ITU is committed to connecting all the world's people – wherever they live and whatever their means. Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to communicate. (Source: www.itu.int/)

National Electrical Code (NEC) is registered trademarks of the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) (Source: www.nfpa.org/)

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is the association of electrical equipment and medical imaging manufacturers, founded in 1926 and headquartered in Rosslyn, Virginia. Nearly 400 members strong, its companies manufacture a diverse set of products including power transmission and distribution equipment, lighting systems, factory automation and control systems, and medical diagnostic imaging systems. Total U.S. shipments for electroindustry products exceed $100 billion annually. (Source: www.nema.org/)

NFPA 70: NEC (National Electric Code) is the benchmark for safe electrical design, installation, and inspection to protect people and property from electrical hazards. The NEC addresses the installation of electrical conductors, equipment, and raceways; signaling and communications conductors, equipment, and raceways; and optical fiber cables and raceways in commercial, residential, and industrial occupancies. (Source: www.nfpa.org/)

NFPA 850: Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations. This recommended practice outlines fire safety recommendations for gas, oil, coal, and alternative fuel electric generating plants, including high voltage direct current converter stations and combustion turbine units used for electric generation. (Source: www.nfpa.org/)