Plant and Process Unit

Oil and Gas Business consists of the oil and gas exploration (onshore or offshore wells) and extraction; gathering (oil and gas separation) and transporting (compressing, pumping, and boosting); refining (separation), treatment (upgrading and purification), production (petrochemical or chemical plant); and transporting (pipelines) and storing (tankage and terminal). The Oil and Gas Business is divided into two business area as an upstream and downstream business, divided at the point of, normally, oil and gas are separated and pre-treated (removal of water, salt, and sulphur, etc.). Sometimes, the Oil and Gas Business is divided into three major components: Upstream, Midstream (transportation and storage) and Downstream.

Upstream Business in the Oil and Gas industry consists of from an exploration, transportation up to the downstream facilities through oil and gas separation and purification facilities, and compression or boosting stations.

Midstream Business in the Oil and Gas industry consists of the transportation by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck, and storage that transports commodities such as crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGLs, mainly ethane, propane, and butane), and sulphur products.

Downstream Business in the Oil and Gas industry consists of from receiving facilities of oil or gas and treatment, upgrading, and producing of the final products. The Downstream plants are a refinery, petrochemical, chemical plant, and products distributions.

Hydrocarbon is an organic compound composed of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) that makes up most of the petroleum, natural gas, and fuels. The Hydrocarbon consists of hundreds or thousands of individual atoms that are linked together in any number of ways, including chains, circles, and other complex shapes. The smallest hydrocarbon, methane (CH4), is composed of a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. The Hydrocarbons are used as fuels, solvents, and as raw materials for numerous products such as petroleum, chemicals, and plastics. The Emission gases of hydrocarbons are a major cause of air pollution and global warming.

Plant is 1) a factory or production facility that is constructed or installed equipment, piping, structures, buildings, etc., with electrical power and control systems. The Plant consists of the process, utility, and offsite facilities; 2) a living thing that grows in earth, usually has a stem, leaves, roots, and flowers, and produces seeds.

Petroleum Process is the petroleum engineering processes used to transform crude oil into useful products that consists of the oil and gas exploration (onshore or offshore wells) and extraction; gathering (oil and gas separation) and transporting (compressing and boosting); refining (separation), treatment (upgrading and purification), production (petrochemical or chemical plant); and transporting (pipelines) and storing (tankage and terminal).

Process Facility is the main product producing units and facilities supported by utility and offsite facilities. 

Value Chain for Gas Business is from the exploration and production, transmission via pipelines, and gas treatment processes including a liquefaction process (natural gas (NG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG)), storage, transportation, regasfication as well as the distribution and combustion of gas at the point of use.

Value Chain for Oil and Gas Business is the work activities from discovering fields (Upstream) through appraisal and production to supply oil and gas products to the end users (Midstream and Downstream). Upstream business is from an exploration, transportation up to downstream facilities through the oil and gas separation and purification facilities. Midstream is the transportation of raw materials and final products by pipelines, rails, barges, oil tankers or trucks, and storages. Downstream consists of from receiving facilities of the oil or gas, and treating, upgrading, and producing of the final products, the downstream plants are a refinery, petrochemical, chemical plant, and products distribution facilities.

Crude Oil Production is the quantities of oil extracted from oil reservoirs that is the commercial crude and the volume of average daily crude oil production rate. The Crude Oil Production includes crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs).

Conventional Reservoir is simply known as the traditional way to drill for the raw natural gas, crude oil, and petroleum that contains free gas in interconnected pore spaces and flow easily to the wellbore.

Probable Reservoir is the additional reservoir which analysis of geoscience and engineering data indicate that is less likely to be recovered than proved reserves (P90) but more certain to be recovered than possible reserves (P10). The Probable Reservoir (P50) is equally likely that actual remaining quantities recovered will be greater than or less than the sum of the estimated Proved plus Probable Reserves. (Refer to the P50 (and P90, Mean, Expected and P10))

Proven Reservoir is a petroleum reserve in which there is a 90% certainty by analysis of geological and engineering data that the oil and gas can be recovered.

Unconventional (UNCON) Reservoir means do not meet the criteria for conventional production that produces from low permeability formations. There are three main types of UNCON reservoirs presently being developed; while a fourth class, gas hydrates, is also being investigated for potential production. The permeabilities and associated gas type for UNCON’s are: Tight Gas Sands (TGS); Coal Bed Methane (CBM); Shale Gas and Shale Oil.

Unproven Reservoir is a geologically equivalent to proven reservoirs, but unproven status rests on technical, regulatory, or political issues. The Unproven Reservoirs fall into two categories: probable and possible that has a 10% chance of recovery.

Oil Reserves are the estimated amount of crude oil located in a particular economic region that can be technically recovered and financially feasible at the present price of oil. Proven Oil Reserves are a reasonable certainty of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, with existing technology. Reserves amounts for world total: 1,726,685 million of barrels (MMbbl) - USA EIA (2017)

Strategic Reserve

Substances

Bitumen is a black and sticky substance of heavy hydrocarbon contents, a geological term that refers to the sticky, highly viscous semi-solid hydrocarbon present in most natural petroleum. It is alternatively called pitch, resin, and asphalt. (Refer to an Asphalt)

Oil (Crude Oil) is the petroleum and other hydrocarbons in liquid form that is a hydrocarbon liquid substance and a viscous liquid at ambient temperature, formed by natural resources, and used for a fuel and petrochemical industry.

Crude is a natural oil mixture from underground rocks that has not yet been processed or refined. The Crude oil is named according to their viscosity: Light Crude - API > 31.1; Medium Crude - API between 22.3 and 31.1; Heavy Crude - API < 22.3; Extra Heavy Crude - API < 10.0.

Benchmark Oil is a Crude Oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil. The most widely used benchmarks are associated with crude oil that has four common qualities: stable and ample production; a transparent, free-flowing market located in a geo-politically and financially stable region to encourage market interactions; adequate storage to encourage market development; and/or delivery points at locations suitable for trade with other market hubs, enabling arbitrage (profit opportunities) so that prices reflect global supply and demand. There are the main three West Texas Intermediate, Brent Crude, and Dubai Crude.

Brent Crude is a major trading classification of sweet light crude oil that serves as a major Benchmark Oil price for purchases of oil worldwide. Brent stands for the differing layers of an oil field: Broom, Rannoch, Etieve, Ness, and Tarbat. The Brent Crude is a light, sweet crude with an API gravity of 38.06 and a specific gravity of 0.835, making it slightly heavier than West Texas Intermediate (WTI). The sulphur content is 0.37%. The price of Brent Crude is used to set prices for roughly two-thirds of the world’s oil. It is mostly refined in Northwest Europe and is also called Brent Blend, London Brent, and Brent petroleum. The Brent field is located in the East Shetland Basin, halfway between Scotland and Norway.

Dubai Crude is a medium sour crude oil extracted from Dubai and is used as a price benchmark or oil marker because it is one of only a few Persian Gulf crude oils available immediately. Dubai Crude is light and sour, with an API gravity of 31 degrees and a specific gravity of 0.871. Its sulphur content is 2%, making it 6 times more sour than Brent Crude and 8 times more sour than West Texas Intermediate. It is generally used for pricing oil that comes from the Persian Gulf. Dubai Crude is also known as Fateh.

West Texas Intermediate (WTI, Texas light sweet) is the most famous of the Bench Mark Oils with a Brent Crude and Dubai Crude. The WTI is the underlying commodity of NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange's) oil futures contracts. and refers to oil extracted from wells in the U.S. and sent via pipelines. The WTI is a light, sweet crude with an API gravity of 39.6 degrees, a specific gravity of 0.827 at 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and it contains 0.24% sulphur and is refined in the Midwest.

Bonny Light Oil

Gas Processing is the separation process of oil and gas by removing impurities, various non-methane hydrocarbons, and fluids from the natural gas to make a clean raw natural gas and to meet the gas specification for delivery.

Compressor Station (or Gas Booster Station) is a transportation facility that ensures the gases remains pressurised to travel through a long pipeline. It must be compressed periodically along the pipeline, typically located every 60 km to 100 km, where gas is compressed either by gas turbines or diesel engines.

Gas to Liquid (GTL) is a refinery process technology to convert natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid products (synthetic gasoline or middle distillates), using the Fischer Tropsch synthesis method. Natural Gas is abundant, versatile and affordable, and GTL products contain almost none of the impurities such as sulphur, aromatics and nitrogen, and colourless and odourless. The gas is found in remote fields from a market such that delivery by pipeline is likely to be uneconomic.

Gasification is the conversion of solid or liquid material (e.g., coal or heavy hydrocarbon) to the gases for use as a fuel at high temperatures that is pyrolytic distillation or pyrolysis.

Oil Gasification is the conversion of oil into gas to be used as a fuel.

Regasification is the physical process of the reconversion of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) into NG (Natural Gas) suitable for pipeline transportation. An LNG Regasification is a process of converting LNG to NG at atmospheric temperature at -162 °C. 

Fischer-Tropsch Process is a chemical process to convert the synthesis gas to paraffins by polymerisation that is a process originated in Germany especially for producing liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels (as gasoline or gas oil) by passing a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen under catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation method) at elevated temperatures and at normal or higher pressures, around 200 ~ 350°C and 20 ~ 50 bars.

Liquefaction

Substances

Acid Gas is the natural gas or any other gas mixture containing a proportion of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or hydrogen sulphide (H2S) that is form acidic compounds when mixed with water.

Adsorbed Gas is the gas accumulated on the surface of a solid material that adsorbs to a porous adsorbent at relatively low pressure and ambient temperature. Also, the technology is used to store natural gas.

Boil Off Gas (BOG) is the continuously evaporated or boiled LNG vapor that causes the pressure inside the tank to rise due to heat entering the cryogenic tank during storage and transportation, which changes the quality of LNG over time. This BOG is generated primarily due to heat leakage from the atmosphere through tank insulation, loading, unloading and recirculation pipeline system insulation, and it is re-routed through a boil off gas refrigeration compressor and re-pressurized for designated service to the storage tank or other utility systems.

Brown Coal is a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. (Also, called as the Bituminous coal and Lignite).

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. A CO is a poisonous gas formed by the burning of carbon, especially in the form of car fuel.

City Gas (or Town Gas) is the gas manufactured from coal and oil but is now predominantly natural gas for domestic and industrial use.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a natural gas under pressure which remains clear, odourless, and non-corrosive. Most vehicles use the gaseous form compressed to pressures above 3,100 pounds per square inch. It generates low hydrocarbon emissions, but a significant quantity of nitrogen oxide emissions.

Cryogenic Liquid

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the liquid state composed predominantly of methane and contains minor quantities of ethane, propane, nitrogen, or other components normally found in the natural gas. LNG is compressed at moderate pressure (maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi)), but cooled to a temperature, around the boiling point of methane (-162°C) to remain liquid, and the volume of natural gas as liquid is 1/600th of its volume as gas.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Project (LNG Business Value Chain) includes from the wellhead to end users (the production, processing, conversion of natural gas to LNG, storage, long-distance transportation, storage and regasification), and supply: Liquefaction plant (LNG Producing); LNG Storage Tank; LNG Terminal (Export (Loading) and Import (Unloading)); Regasification; LNG Carrier, etc.

Heel LNG is the LNG cargo retained in the cargo tanks on completion of discharge that is left in ship and shore storage tanks to maintain their cryogenic temperatures.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Storage Tank is a specialised type of storage tank used for the storage of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). A LNG Storage tanks is the ability to store LNG at the very low temperature of -162 °C (-260 °F). LNG storage tanks have double containers, where the inner contains LNG and the outer container contains insulation materials. The most common tank type is the full containment tank. Tank dimensions are typically in the order of 80~90m in diameter and 50m in height with a wall thickness in the order of 750mm, the storage volumes for this size of regasification or liquefaction plant have exceeded 160,000m^3. Most LNG projects have targeted throughputs greater than 1000 MMSCFD or 7MMTPA.

Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier (LNGC) is a specialised tank ship used to transport Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) that is fitted with independent cargo tanks or with membrane tanks at its boiling point of -162 °C, by which independent tanks are completely self-supporting and they do not contribute to the hull strength of a tanker (three different types of independent tanks for gas carriers (IGC Code): Type 'A' (fully refrigerated condition), 'B' (LNG tankers), and 'C' (fully pressurised)). A Membrane Containment system is based on a very thin primary barrier (membrane - 0.7 to 1.5 mm thick) which is supported through the insulation. (e.g., GTT NO96 Membrane system, GTT Mark III & V system, etc.) A Semi-Membrane concept is a variation of the membrane tank system. LNGCs are to prevent leaks and keep the LNG at the cold temperature to keep the liquid form in the 200,000 M3 capacity range.

LNG Membrane Containment Systems of the design, generally fall into two categories that were originally designed by the two separate companies, GAZ Transport (GTT) and Technigaz. Both are similar in that they comprise of primary membrane barrier, insulation, secondary membrane barrier and further insulation in a sandwich construction. The membrane may be Invar (Gaz Transport) or stainless steel (Technigaz) – the Northwest Swan is of the GTT NO96 design with Invar primary and secondary barriers. The membranes in the NO96 design are 0.7mm thick, each layer of insulation is about 300mm thick. The tanks are not self supporting as in the Moss design, they are built against the inner (double) hull of the vessel. Nitrogen is purged through the insulation layers and a gas detection system is installed. (Source: www.nwsssc.com/)

Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) is a floating production unit of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) that is the use of purpose built or converted ships to enable regasification and liquefaction of the LNG to be carried out offshore. A FLNG has the advantage that can start more quickly LNG production and importation.

Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO)

Refinery is an industrial process of a crude treatment plant that consists of distillation (separation), conversion and treatment (purification) processes. The Refinery process is producing finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and oxygenates. (Refer to the Refinery Product)

Refinery Plant is uniquely configured to process a specific raw material into a desired products in which configuration is most economical, engineers and planners survey the local market for petroleum products and assess the available raw materials. Typical Refinery Plant process consists of the Distillation (Atmosphere, Vacuum); Heavy Oil Upgrading (Cracking, Breaking, etc.); Treatment (Desulphurisation, etc.); Reforming (Alkylation, Isomerization, etc.); Blending, etc. (Refer to the Refinery Product)

Distillation is a separation of liquid mixture and a purification technology used of physical properties of substances such as volatility to condense in order to collect molecules of different sizes.

Refining Distillation uses the different boiling points allow the products to separate a mixture of components used in the petroleum industry and other chemical industries. Petroleum Refining is the process of separating crude oil into useful components including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, fuel oil, and other products. The Refining Distillation process is divided into three basic steps: Separation; Conversion; Treatment, and details are: Heating; Vaporization; Separation; Condensation; Collection; Fractionation; Product recovery.

Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in all petroleum refineries that operates an incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, and then processed further in the other refinery processing units, treated and transformed into marketable products like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and other refined products. A CDU is heated to 350 ~ 400°C and the vapour and liquid are piped into the distilling column that is often referred to as the Atmospheric Crude Distillation. 

Vacuum Distillation is one of the refinery processes that is a method of distillation performed under reduced pressure which lowers the boiling temperature of the liquid being distilled. The Vacuum Distillation technique is applied to separate compounds based on differences in boiling points without cracking or decomposition of the charge stock. (Refer to the VDU (Vacuum Distillation Unit))

Heavy Oil Upgrading (HOU) is a process for upgrading heavy oils that is the conversion processes of atmospheric and vacuum residues to the acceptable feedstock for petroleum refineries, or other heavy oils into more valuable products. The HOU technology for processing heavy oils and residues is now increasing with different characteristics such as thermal cracking, FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking), Hydrocracking, Hydrodesulphurization (HDS), Oil Gasification, etc.

Cracking

Substances

Refinery Product is produced at a refinery or blending such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

Asphalt is a sticky, black and high viscous fluid, and obtained from refining process, containing bitumen used for a road construction, paving material.

Asphaltenes are the saturated hydrocarbon substances found in crude oil, along with resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and saturates that is insoluble, semi-solid particles.

Atmospheric Crude is the crude that is a feed for the atmospheric crude distillation process (or Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)).

Catalyst Coke is a coke on catalyst in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) process. In other catalytic processes there is coke deposited on catalyst, but it is not regenerated in a way such that the heat of combustion is recovered.

Coke is a solid residue of coal burned which is used chiefly as a fuel in metallurgy to reduce metallic oxides to metals.

Condensate is a mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas. The Condensate excludes natural gas liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or facilities.

Flue Gas

Petrochemical is any ​chemical ​substance ​obtained from crude oil or ​natural ​gas that includes ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons. Major Petrochemicals are acetylene, benzene, ethane, ethylene, methane, propane, and hydrogen, from which hundreds of other chemicals are derived.

Petrochemical Plant is to produce a wide variety of petrochemicals and polymers obtained from the crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining or natural gas liquids. Typical Petrochemical Plan processes are: Olefin complexes (Ethylene, Propylene; C4 + and diolefins); Aromatics complexes (BTX - Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene); Synthesis gas complexes (Coal, natural gas, or some other hydrocarbon source is steam reformed into a synthesis gas mixture (H2 and CO)): Cracking, Reforming, Polymerisation, Synthesis, etc.

Catalytic Reforming is a petroleum chemical process used for the converting petroleum refinery naphthas from crude oil or low-octane gasoline into petrochemical feed stocks or high-octane liquid products called reformates suitable for blending into finished gasoline. The Catalytic Reforming process uses heat and pressure as well as a catalyst, usually platinum, to produce a similar result under mild operation conditions.

Dealkylation is a chemical process through which alkyl groups are removed from a given compound.

Esterification is the process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water.

Etherification is the process of converting a substance into an ether that is the removal of alcohols from petroleum products by reacting with sulfuric acid.

Halogenated Hydrocarbon is organic compounds consisting of C-C, C-H and C-X (halogen atoms: F, Cl, Br, I) bonds.

Middle Distillate Synthesis (MDS) 

Substances

Acetylene (C2H2) is a chemical compound of a hydrocarbon which is the simplest alkyne, has two carbon molecules. The Acetylene is a colourless gas that is unstable when it is pure, and usually mixed with other components to make a solution to handle without degrading. (Also, called as the Ethyne (IUPAC Name))

Acrylate Polymer is a group of polymers, transparency, resistance to breakage, and elasticity made from the monomer acrylic acid (CH2=CHCOO- H+) that is used in cosmetics such as nail polish as an adhesive.

Acrylic is a chemical compound of synthetic resins and textile fibres that contains the acryloyl group produced by chemical processes from a type of acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile.

Acyl Group (IUPAC name: Alkanoyl, R-C=O) is a functional group where R is bound to carbon via a single bond, usually derived from a carboxylic acid.

Aldehyde (or Alkanal) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure (-CHO) that is one with a carbonyl group (C=O) located at one end of the carbon chain.

Aliphatic Compound is an organic compound composed of carbon and hydrogen joined into straight, branches, or cyclic chains but non-aromatic rings. (Also, called as the non-Aromatic Compound)

Alkane (CnH2n+2, Paraffin) is a saturated hydrocarbon that is based on single carbon and hydrogen bonds. Each carbon atom forms up to four separate bonds with four other separate atoms, which will be carbon and hydrogen but may include oxygen or sulphur as well as other elements. However, it is also possible for carbon to form multiple bonds with a single atom, even another carbon atom. When two carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon are linked together by two or more bonds rather than one, the molecule is termed unsaturated. All alkanes are saturated, which means they only contain single bonds between all carbon atoms. Alkanes are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found in linear and branched forms.

Alkene (CnH2n, Olefin)

Chemical Plant is an industrial plant that produces chemicals by other chemicals. The Chemical Plants are Inorganic, Organic, Ceramic, Agrochemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Elastomers, Oleochemicals, Explosives, Fragrances and Flavours, and Industrial Gases production facilities.

Chemical Process is the plant facilities of a chemical production using the chemical, chemical compound, or natural substance.

Chemical Process Industry is the facilities that uses chemical processes and handles chemicals.

Agrochemical is a generic term for the various chemical products that is commercially produced, usually synthetic, chemical compounds used in agriculture, fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, etc.

Absorber is 1) a device that absorbs gas or vapor by a variety of materials; 2) in a photovoltaic device, is the material that absorbs photons to generate charge carriers.

Adsorption is defined as the adhesion of a chemical substance onto the surface of particles. The IUPAC definition of adsorption is the "increase in the concentration of a substance at the interface of a condensed and a liquid or gaseous layer owing to the operation of surface forces". The Adsorption is a different process from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

Alkali Fusion is applied to substitute a sulfonic acid group with a hydroxyl group in a substituted aromatic ring.

Extraction

Substances

Chemical is a basic substance that is used in or ​produced by a ​reaction ​involving ​changes to ​atoms or ​molecules of the chemistry technology.

Alcohol (- OH) is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The originally, alcohol refer to the ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages.

Amide (RCO-NH2) is a group of organic chemicals with the functional group containing a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom or any compound containing the amide functional group formed from reactions of ammonia (NH3) and a carboxylic acid (RCOO-H+).

Amine (NH2-) is a compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms in the ammonia have been replaced one at a time by hydrocarbon groups.

Anhydrous Ethanol is the pure ethanol or one hundred percent alcohol; neat ethanol.

Antifoam (or Deformer) is a chemical additive that is used to reduce interfacial tension for the formation of foam in industrial process liquids.

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is a chemical compound which is most common natural forms from chalk, limestone, and marble, produced by the sedimentation of the shells of small fossilized snails, shellfish, and coral over millions of years. The Calcium Carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous. The CaCO3 are identical in chemical terms, they differ in many other respects, including purity, whiteness, thickness and homogeneity.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

Power Plant is an electrical power generation plant that produces electricity by converting mechanical power such as the rotation of a turbine into electrical power. In a coal-fired steam station, the combustion of coal turns water into steam and the steam in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity. The Power Plant includes either fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like hydro, wind power, solar power, geothermal power, and biomass power plants.

Base Load Power Plant is a power plant that usually provides a continuous supply of the base load electricity throughout the year, typically coal or nuclear power generating units.

Central Power Plant is a central and large electric power generating plant that is generates power for distribution to multiple users.

Clean Power Generator produces the electricity from sources which are environmentally cleaner than traditional sources. Clean, or Green Power is usually defined as power from renewable energy that comes from wind, solar, biomass energy, etc. Additionally, there are various definitions of clean resources including the power produced from waste-to-energy and wood-fired plants that may still produce significant air emissions.

Cogeneration refers to the CHP (Combined Heat and Power Plant).

Cogenerator is an energy producer that generates both heat and electricity from a single fuel.

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) is a type of electricity generation plant that uses a gas turbine to create electricity and to capture the resulting waste heat generated from the combustion of gases to create steam, which in turn drives a steam turbine significantly increasing the system's power output without any increase in fuel. A CCGT technology is typically powered using natural gas, but it can also be using coal, biomass and even solar power as part of solar combined cycle plants.

Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP)

U&O (Utility and Offsite) is the supporting facilities consists of utility facilities (air systems; water systems; fuel systems; power generation; steam generation, etc.), and offsite facilities (firewater system; flare system; interconnecting piping; loading/ unloading; tankage & storage; waste water treatment, etc.). U&O facilities are typically constituted 20 ~ 50 percent of an entire project cost.

Offsite Facility is the individual processing units which is not at the main industrial or commercial site, but the functioning of offsite facility is often as critical as the process units themselves. The Offsite Facilities consist of Firewater System; Flare System; Flushing Oil; Interconnecting Piping; Loading/ Unloading; Tankage & Storage (Atmospheric, Pressure and Refrigerated); Waste Water Treatment, and Environmental Treatment Units, etc. (Refer to the Utility Facility, U&O (Utility & Offsite))

Utility Facility is the support facilities that is any privately, publicly, or cooperatively owned lines, facilities, or systems for producing, transmitting, or distributing communication, electricity, light, heat, gas, oil, crude products, water, steam, waste, storm water, including any fire or police signal system or street lighting system, which directly or indirectly serves the public. In refinery and petrochemical plant, the Utility Facilities are: Air Systems (Air Separation Unit (ASU), Nitrogen, Instrument and Plant Air); Water System (Cooling Water, BFW, Plant Service Water, Potable Water, Demineralized Water and Condensate); Fuel Systems; Power Generation; Steam Generation, etc. (Refer to the Offsite Facility, U&O (Utility and Offsite))

Balance of Plant (BOP) is all infrastructural facilities except for the main product producing facilities in a plant. A BOP is generally used in a power project to all supporting facilities and auxiliary systems of the power plant needed to deliver the electricity, other than the generating unit itself. In the power plant, a BOP includes transformers, inverters, supporting structures, and control and monitoring systems of the entire plant, but not the turbine, generator, and generator step-up transformer, and all its elements.

Advanced Treatment Technology uses the State of the Art and research-backed technologies to design with qualities specific to each application across multiple industries: 1) for water treatment, the technology includes the membrane filtration, membrane bioreactors (MBR) and membrane distillation are discussed including case study references; 2) for waste water, the process capable of reducing specific constituents in waste water not normally achieved by other treatment options that may be used in conjunction with mechanical and biological treatment operations.

Biological Treatment Technology refers to waste-water treatment employing oxygen that is supplied as atmospheric air resulting in decanted effluents and separate sludge containing microbial mass together with pollutants.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2) before it is released into the atmosphere that will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation. The CCS involves three major steps; capturing CO2 at the source, compressing it for transportation and then injecting it deep into a rock formation at a carefully selected and safe site, where it is permanently stored.

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)

Substances

Utility is 1) a supporting facility for a main production process such as water, air and electric power, etc.; 2) the common consumption of goods or services used by the public.

Air is an invisible gaseous substance which is in the space above the ground and surrounding the earth retained by the gravity of Earth. The Air consists of mainly nitrogen and oxygen mixture for the human breathing.

Water is a liquid, colourless, transparent, odourless, no taste which falls from sky and in the seas, lakes, rivers and ices, and it is a vital necessary for the people life as well as animal and plant life.

Boiler Feedwater is the water that is put into the steam drum from a feed pump, and evaporate in the generation of steam. The steam or hot fluid is then recirculated out of the boiler for use in various processes in heating applications.

Brackish Water is the water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as sea water.

Cooling Water is the utility water removing heat from a system or machine.

Demineralised (or Demi) Water is water completely free of dissolved minerals, any process used to remove minerals from water. The common term of Demineralised Water is restricted to ion exchange processed water.

Desalination Water

Carbon Black is a fine black powder composed mostly of elemental carbon in the form of colloidal particles that is produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons under controlled conditions. The Carbon Black is almost pure elemental carbon and has been effectively used as a reinforcing filler in rubber products and as a black pigment in inks and paints that is produced about 8 million metric tons, approximately 90% of carbon black is used in rubber applications, 9% as a pigment, and the remaining 1% as an essential ingredient in hundreds of diverse applications.

Fourth Industrial Revolution (or Industry 4.0) is the automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology in a series of social, political, cultural, and economic disruption. The Industry 4.0 is under developing environment and trends such as the internet of things (IoT), robotics, virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) that will change the way of living and working, and will be driven largely by the convergence of digital, biological, and physical innovations.

IGU (International Gas Union) Wholesale Gas Price Survey which began in 2005 (LNG Price Formation Mechanism). The survey was launched to assess global wholesale price formation mechanisms and track their evolution. It classifies global wholesale price formation mechanisms into nine distinct categories and quantifies the share of each mechanism in wholesale gas prices across the world: Oil Price Escalation (OPE); Gas-on-Gas Competition (GOG); Bilateral Monopoly (BIM); Netback from Final Product (NET); Regulation: Cost of Service (RCS); Regulation: Social and Political (RSP); Regulation: Below Cost (RBC); No Price (NP); Not Known (NK) (Source: WHOLESALE GAS PRICE SURVEY 2023 EDITION)

Peak Oil Demand will gradually slowly come and eventually create that will change global oil and energy market dynamics. In 2010, the IEA included a peak for world oil demand for the first time in one of its energy outlook scenarios. Since then, peak demand has gained greater prominence in most industry forecasts. In its 2020 World Energy Outlook, BP presented two scenarios where oil demand would never recover to its pre-pandemic levels. The most bullish case for oil, called the “new momentum” scenario by BP, projects that crude demand will rise to 101 million B/D in 2025 and remain flat into 2030. After that point, global demand retreats to 98 million B/D by 2035 and to 92 million B/D by 2040.

Plant Layout is a physical arrangement, either existing or in plans of plant facilities. (Refer to the Plot Plan)

Plant Operation is the managing and controlling the equipment, facilities, systems, or plants in industrial and manufacturing processes to produce desired products. The Plant Operator knowledge and performance will support safe and reliable plant operation that is to ensure the effective implementation and efficient, safety, and reliable process operation. Modern industrial Plant Operation is generally highly automated, with control of the plant's processes centralised in a control room from which valves, gauges, alarms and switches may be operated.

Qualifying Facility is a category of electric power producers established under the Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 (PURPA) to encourage the diversification of the US domestic energy market. QFs are a special class of generating facility defined by law and categorized as either a cogeneration facility or small power production facility.

Smart Factory 

Gas Processors Association (GPA) announced during the general session of its 95th annual convention that it has officially changed its name to GPA Midstream Association. GPA Midstream was selected to more clearly identify the midstream industry role that the organization has evolved into in recent years, while also keeping the equity of the three-letter GPA reference by which the longtime energy trade association is most popularly known. (Source: www.gpaglobal.org/)

Gastech is the leading event for the international oil & gas industry and a global meeting place for energy professionals working in the natural gas cycle. Gastech’s history dates back to 1972, when the original event was set up to bring together technical decision makers involved in LNG and LPG shipping. The event has since evolved to attract the entire supply chain of the oil & gas industry and is held every 18 months in a different international location. Gastech now attracts over 20,000 industry commercial and technical professionals and services as a showcase for over 750 exhibitors from the upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. (Source: www.gastechevent.com)

International Gas Union (IGU) was founded in 1931. It is a worldwide non-profit organisation registered in Vevey, Switzerland with the Secretariat currently located in Oslo, Norway. The mission of IGU is to advocate gas as an integral part of a sustainable global energy system, and to promote the political, technical and economic progress of the gas industry. The more than 140 members of IGU are associations and corporations of the gas industry representing over 95% of the global gas market. The working organisation of IGU covers the complete value of gas chain from exploration and production, transmission via pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as well as distribution and combustion of gas at the point of use. (Source: www.igu.org/)

NGSA (Natural Gas Supply Association) is established in 1965, encourages the use of natural gas within a balanced national energy policy, and promotes the benefits of competitive markets to ensure reliable and efficient transportation and delivery of natural gas and to increase the supply of natural gas to U.S. customers. NGSA’s members produce approximately one-third of the U.S. natural gas supply. NGSA’s Mission: A competitive U.S. natural gas market supported by appropriate regulations. (Source: www.ngsa.org/)