Element and Substance

Element is 1) a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons; 2) the fundamental, essential, or unique characteristic substance or part of something.

Chemical Element is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons that cannot be broken down into simpler substances using chemical methods. There are 118 elements have been identified.

Period Group (or Family) is the columns of elements in a periodic table of chemical elements that is numbered from Group 1 to 18. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommended names are: Group 1: alkali metals; Group 2: alkaline earth metals; Group 11: coinage metals; Group 15: pentels, pnictogens; Group 16: chalcogens; Group 17: halogens; Group 18: noble gases.

Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number (the number of protons) and similarities in element arrangement that shows the symbol and mass of the elements, and number of protons. The Periodic Table has seven rows means that seven periods are existed.

Element Symbol is a code symbol for the chemical elements that represents the one or two-letter abbreviation of a chemical element (e.g., O, Au). (Also, called as the Chemical Symbol)

Substance is a material with a definite chemical composition and physical characteristics.

Chemical Structure is a number of atoms of each element in a compound. The structural formula shows both the actual number of atoms of elements in a compound and also how the atoms are arranged as well as which atoms are bonded to one another.

Actinide or Actinoid is the series encompasses the chemical elements that is one of the 15 transuranic elements 89 (Actinium) through 103 (Lawrencium).

Chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the Periodic Table that consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulphur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive element polonium (Po), and the chemically uncharacterized synthetic element livermorium (Lv). (Also, called as an oxygen family)

Lanthanide or Lanthanoid is the chemical elements that is the subset of transition metals characterized with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium: 15 Elements - Cerium (Ce), Dysprosium (Dy), Erbium (Er), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Holmium (Ho), Lanthanum (La), Lutetium (Lu), Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Terbium (Tb), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb). They make up the Rare Earth Elements (REE): Lanthanides elements plus Scandium and Yttrium.

Pnictogen is a member of the nitrogen group of the chemical elements (Group 15) in the Periodic Table. This group is also known as the nitrogen family. The Pnictogen consists of the elements Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi), and the chemically uncharacterized synthetic element Ununpentium (Uup). 

Rare Earth Elements (REE) is the collective name for 17 chemically similar metallic elements (the lanthanides (15 elements), Scandium and Yttrium), and used in many devices including computer memory, rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets, fluorescent lighting and much more. The REE's are not especially rare, but they tend to occur together in nature and are difficult to separate from one another.

The 17 Rare Earth Element (REE) are Cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y).

Transuranic Element is the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater uranium (92) and are all radioactive. Neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium are the best-known.

Aluminium or Aluminium (Al)

Benchmark Oil is a Crude Oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil. The most widely used benchmarks are associated with crude oil that has four common qualities: stable and ample production; a transparent, free-flowing market located in a geo-politically and financially stable region to encourage market interactions; adequate storage to encourage market development; and/or delivery points at locations suitable for trade with other market hubs, enabling arbitrage (profit opportunities) so that prices reflect global supply and demand. There are the main three West Texas Intermediate, Brent Crude, and Dubai Crude.

Gas is a substance or substance mixture that is one of the four fundamental states of matter (gas, solid, liquid, and plasma). The hydrocarbon Gas is used for a fuel or chemical industry.

Gaseous consists of a gas or gases that is like the gas, or have the gas characteristic.

Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas that is a collection of microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas.

Antifoam (or Deformer) is a chemical additive that is used to reduce interfacial tension for the formation of foam in industrial process liquids.

Antifreeze Solution is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid that is a fluid, such as methanol or ethylene glycol, added to vehicle engine coolant, or used in solar heating system heat transfer fluids, to protect the systems from freezing.

Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral substance that can be used in the past in buildings, clothing, etc. as a protection against fire and as a form of insulation pulled into a fluffy consistency. Asbestos Exposure to asbestos fibbers increases the risk of developing lung disease so that most products made today do not contain asbestos.

Biocide

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) serves to advance the worldwide aspects of the chemical sciences and to contribute to the application of chemistry in the service of Humankind. As a scientific, international, non-governmental and objective body, IUPAC can address many global issues involving the chemical sciences. (http://www.iupac.org)